Category scientific

Today, electricity is one of the basic needs of our life. To use the power sources, we need to install the switches and sockets correctly. Installing the switch and socket seems like a simple task, but it should be done according to specific standards and by the best engineers in this field.

Outlet height standards from the floor

The Iran Standards Organization has determined the height of the outlet from the floor in different places of the building as follows:

• Bedrooms and living rooms:  30 to 40 cm
• Kitchen:  60 cm
• Bathroom and toilet:  90 cm
• Balcony and terrace:  120 cm

Practical tips for installing switches and sockets

• Switches and sockets are one of the most important elements in any building. They are needed for lighting, connecting electrical appliances and other applications. Installing the switch and socket seems like a simple task, but it should be done according to certain standards.
• Here are some practical tips for installing switches and sockets in buildings:
• Before starting work, check the building’s electrical plan. This will help you find the exact location of the electrical wires and avoid damaging them.
• Use standard and high-quality wires. Poor quality cords can pose a risk of electric shock.
• Use the right tools. To install the switch and socket, you need tools such as a screwdriver, a drill, and a wire cutter.
• Install switches and sockets correctly. Improper installation of switches and sockets can cause problems such as power outages.

Safety tips for installing switches and sockets

Be sure to turn off the power to the building before starting work. This will help you avoid the risk of electric shock.

Use insulated gloves when working with electrical wires. This will help prevent your skin from meeting electrical wires.

Use wire cutters to cut the wires. A wire cutter is a good tool for this and prevents the wires from being cut with a knife or scissors.

After installing the switch and socket, be sure to connect the electricity to the building and check their operation.

 

Aesthetic tips in installing switches and sockets

In addition to the safety aspect, the installation of switches and sockets can also contribute to the beauty of the interior decoration. For this, you can use keys and sockets with a color and design in harmony with other decoration elements. Also, you can use backlit switches and sockets so that they are easily visible in the dark.

Here are some tips for installing switches and sockets with aesthetics in mind:

• • Use switches and sockets with a color and design in harmony with other decoration elements.  This will make the keys and sockets invisible and help the beauty of the interior decoration.
  • Use backlit switches and sockets.  This makes it easy to find the switches and sockets even in the dark.
  • Use keys and sockets with creative designs.  This work can help the beauty of the interior decoration.

By observing the safety and aesthetics points, you can install the switches and sockets of your building correctly and beautifully.

Installation and distances between switches and sockets in bedrooms and living rooms

To install switches and sockets in bedrooms and living rooms, you must observe the following points:

• Install switches and sockets in appropriate places. For example, the bedroom light switch should be installed next to the bed so that it is easy to access.
• Use standard and high-quality wires.  Poor quality cords can pose a risk of electric shock.
• Install switches and sockets correctly.  Improper installation of switches and sockets can cause problems such as power outages.

Distances between switches and sockets in bedrooms and living rooms

The Iran Standard Organization has determined the distances between the switch and socket in bedrooms and living rooms as follows:

• The distance between the light switch and the power outlet:  30 to 40 cm
• Distance between two light switches:  90 to 100 cm
• The distance between the light switch and the telephone or TV socket:  60 to 70 cm

Here are some examples of suitable distances between switches and sockets in bedrooms and living rooms:

• Beside the bed:  the light switch and the power outlet should be installed next to the bed. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.
• Next to the desk or TV table:  The light switch and the power outlet should be installed next to the desk or TV table. The distance between them should be 60 to 70 cm.
• Next to the entrance door:  The light switch should be installed next to the entrance door. The distance between it and the entrance should be 90 to 100 cm.

Installation and distances between switches and sockets in kitchens

• Distances between switches and sockets in kitchens

It has determined the distances between the switch and the outlet in the kitchens as follows:

• The distance between the light switch of the sink and the electrical outlet:  30 to 40 cm
• The distance between the light switch of the gas stove and the electrical outlet:  30 to 40 cm
• The distance between the refrigerator light switch and the electrical outlet:  30 to 40 cm
• The distance between the light switch of the cabinets and the electrical outlet:  30 to 40 cm

Here are some examples of proper distances between switches and sockets in the kitchen:

• Next to the sink:  The light switch of the sink and the power outlet should be installed next to the sink. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.
• Next to the gas stove:  The gas stove lighting switch and the electrical outlet should be installed next to the gas stove. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.
• Next to the refrigerator:  the light switch of the refrigerator and the power outlet should be installed next to the refrigerator. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.
• Next to the cabinets: the light switch of the cabinets and the electrical outlet should be installed next to the cabinets. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.

 

Installation and distances between switches and sockets in bathrooms and toilets

It is not recommended to install an electrical outlet in the bathroom for safety reasons. But if you want, you can install the outlet at a distance of at least 30 cm from the faucet and the sink and by observing the standard for the height of the outlet from the floor. It is also important to install light switches in places that have easy and convenient access. It is recommended to install the light switches near the door and the places where you need light.

In addition to the mentioned items, it is better to use sockets for the bathroom that have the IP44 standard or higher. These sockets are resistant to splashing water and provide more safety in the humid environment of the bathroom.

CONCLUSION

Well, now that we are familiar with the electrical outlet installation standards, there is another important point that we should pay attention to. In some special cases, we may need a more accurate height. For example, if we want to install an outlet to use a specific device such as a refrigerator or a washing machine, we must calculate the height of the outlet more accurately so that the device can be easily connected to the electricity. Or, for example, if we want to install outlets near the beds, we must adjust the height of the outlet so that it is comfortable for people and they can access it from the bed.

In any case, it is always better to consult with an expert electrical technician to determine the exact height of the sockets based on the specific needs of the installation location and ensure compliance with safety standards.

You must know that sockets should be installed at a height that is out of the reach of children. For this, you can use special socket protectors. Socket protectors are usually made of compressed plastic and are attached to the socket with a screw. These protectors prevent children’s hands from entering the outlet and ensure children’s safety against electricity.

As we read in the article about everything about light, the nature of ordinary light and laser light is the same, and both consist of electromagnetic waves that contain photon packets of different wavelengths, which causes the difference in the radiation of the two.

Lamp Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

 

What does the word LASER mean?

In order to understand the use of laser and how it S produced, we must first know its meaning: LASER is the abbreviation of the following words:

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

We will discuss it more!

How does the laser work?

A laser is a device that emits light as a narrow beam with a specific wavelength. By irradiating a photon to a particle, another photon releases, and these two photons are of the same frequency.

Imagine hitting the surface of the water with the same waves, the more and faster the number of waves, the stronger the wave will produced. As a result, the laser light starts from a weak beam, and this beam strengthened by the back and forth of the photons.

What is inductive emission?

Consider a red light bulb. What kind of photons does this lamp emit? Photons with the wavelength of red light, in which direction is this radiation emitted. In all directions.

 

Now, if we make all these monochromatic photons to emit in exactly the same direction, we have made a red laser. Laser emits lights with the same wavelength; it phase and in a specific direction. We do this in the induction laser. Albert Einstein first proposed induced emission in 1917.

If we have an electron with a low energy level, it can go to higher energy levels by absorbing energy and become so-called excited. If a photon hits the atom, the electron can take the photon’s energy and go to a higher energy level. We call this phenomenon-stimulated absorption.

Now, if the atom receives another photon in the excited state, the probability that the electron will go to a higher energy level is low, and the atom will release the new photon and the previous photon it took together and return to the energy base state. That is, it releases two photons with equal energy. This process called inductive emission. Because an external agent and a photon stimulated the atom was emitted. In induced emission, an incoming photon stimulates the excited electron to change its energy level and go to a lower level.

 

Spontaneous release

If the atom returns from the excited state to the ground state, it releases a photon in an unknown direction. This state called spontaneous emission, because the external agent did not force the atom to emit, and the electron naturally prefers to go to a lower energy state.

How many parts does the laser consist of?

A normal laser consists of two main parts:

1. Blower: It creates the necessary energy to create photons in the laser.
2. Amplifying medium: It is an important part of laser, which is a light source, in this part, photons are excited and it can be gas, liquid or solid and it determines the wavelength of laser radiation.

What is the application of laser in different industries?

Medical application

 

Lasers use for many medical purposes, and because the beam is so small and precise, it allows doctors to safely treat the target tissue without harming the surrounding areas.

Treatment of varicose veins , improvement of vision during corneal and LASIK surgery and eye LASIK operation , repair of detached retina , removal of prostate , kidney stones , tumor removal and skin surgery are among the cases used in medicine.

Treatment of skin spots, types of rejuvenation and removal of unwanted hair are other uses.

Dental application

 

10 applications of laser in dentistry are:

• Facilitating orthodontic movements
• Frenectomy: to close the spaces between the frenum of the tooth for orderly laminate and composite
• Teeth bleaching
• Improving gum color (removing black gums)
• Improvement of gum hyperplasia with gum lift or gingivectomy: The act of removing excess gum tissue called gingivectomy, gum lift or crown lengthening in dental terms.
• The term gummy smile with laser
• Reducing the recovery period after implant surgery
• Eliminating gum soft tissue lesions
• Reduce or eliminate bacterial accumulations
• They exposed or revealed hidden and semi-hidden teeth

Application in industry

Laser cutting: from cutting light materials such as fabric to hard metals and precious stones such as diamonds, you can cut with a laser.

Laser engraving: The laser beam physically removes the surface of the material and creates a cavity in a process. The laser generates a lot of heat during engraving, which vaporizes the material. Laser engraving is very fast because the material vaporizes with each stroke.

Laser drilling: drilling or laser drilling is creating a depression or hole on a material. In this method, the desired material is steamed and melted layer by layer until the drilling hole created. This process will vary depending on the thickness of the material, the number of holes to make and the size of these holes. The whole process of laser drilling achieved without any direct contact with the surface of the material.

Application in military weapons

 

 

Laser range finder: Laser range finder based on the same principles that used in normal radars. A short laser pulse (typically 10 to 20 nanoseconds in duration) aimed at the target and a suitable optical receiver that includes an optical detector records the backscattered pulse.

Marking: Illuminates the target. Due to the intense brightness of the light, the target will appear as a bright spot when viewed through a narrow strip optical filter. The weapon, which may be a bomb, missile or other explosive weapon, is equipped with a suitable sensing system. In its simplest form, this sensor can be a lens that transmits the image of the target to a quarter-circle optical detector that controls the weapon’s motion control system and can therefore direct it to the target. In this way, it is possible to target with great accuracy.

Energy Directed Weapons: Considerable effort is now being devoted in both the United States and Russia to the development of lasers that can be used as energy directed weapons. In the case of strong laser systems with a power of probably around megawatts (at least for a few tens of seconds), an optical system directs the laser beam to the target (aircraft-satellite or missile) to cause irreparable damage to its sensing devices. On the other hand, to cause such damage to its surface that eventually flying objects will damaged. Ground-based laser systems do not seem very practical now due to the well-known effect of thermal bloom that occurs in the atmosphere.

Application of laser in space achievements

 

Since years ago, NASA scientists tried to use lasers on the moon in order to obtain changes in the atmosphere and on the moon using lasers.

Finally, in 2020, with their French colleagues, they managed to receive the first reflection. They did this using a laser the size of a storybook page, which is 350.000 km from the Earth. They used the mission. This rover has been in operation since 2009. One of the reasons scientists used this rover was that it could be kept on the surface of the moon for 50 years as a new target.

Another fact that revealed during this period was that the distance between the moon and the earth increased by 3.8 cm. The reason for this is the attractive interactions of these two. ُ

There are 5 reflective panels on the lunar surface that placed on the lunar surface by Apollo 11 and 14. Each of them consists of 100 mirrors. The advantage of using these panels is that they can return the light from any angle to the same direction. The laser light that is emitted takes about 2.5 seconds to return to the ground. The new system not only offers higher data transfer rates, but also optimizes the size, weight and power of missions, Trudy Cortes, director of NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate, said in a teleconference. Compared to current technologies, this technology will be smaller, smaller, lighter, and less energy consuming.

The largest laser in the world

 

The largest laser in the world, which called Hercules at the University of Michigan, currently emits a beam with a power of 300 terawatts, but by replacing certain old components, its power can increased to 1000 terawatts. With this power, the laser can make progress in astrophysics research. And make medical X-rays more accurate, faster and cheaper.

The Hercules laser, which started its operation in 2007, has the Guinness record for high-intensity focused laser by creating a focused laser beam with an intensity of 20 sextillion watts (10 to the power of 21) per square centimeter.

The world’s largest handheld laser

 

“Krypton” laser considered one of the most powerful hand-held lasers, which has a range of 136 km. It is powerful enough to set a piece of paper on fire from one side of the room to the other side of the room, or other objects. Which are located outside the earth’s atmosphere.

Looking directly at this laser, which introduced in the Guinness Book of Records as the brightest handheld laser in the world, can be very dangerous because the shine of this laser beam has the effect of a sun eight thousand times brighter than the normal sun on the human eye. . Therefore, safety glasses used when using this laser.

The smallest laser in the world

 

The smallest laser in the world is made of a sphere with a diameter of 44 nm. Lasers can used as a light source in imaging with near-field light microscopes to reveal details beyond the power of standard light microscopes. This device can work ten times faster than microelectronic chips. Solid materials such as ruby, etherium, neodymium, garnet and aluminum use for its mechanism.
American physicist and electrical engineer who succeeded in making the first solid state laser in 1960 at the Hughes Company in Los Angeles.

 

 

Types of solid lasers:

YAG laser

Currently, the most practical solid-state laser used for processing and machining materials is 1% ion. In medicine, it used to treat eye diseases or eye surgeries.

Laser (ER)

 

ER lasers are important because they have two specific wavelengths, but they are not as remarkable in terms of output energy as YAG. They use to treat skin problems and deep spots, which are usually painful and use with local anesthesia.

Gas laser

It consists of a mixture of helium and neon or argon, krypton, xenon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. It is a type of laser which electric current is discharged to produce light in a gaseous medium.

 

Ali Javan

 

The inventor of the gas laser is a person named Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist who the first person made this type of laser with the help of neon and helium gas. This device registered in 1961.

Neutral atomic lasers

The most common lasers are gas and the gas used in them is helium and neon. This type of laser used in physics labs and other research cases and has a very reasonable price.

Ion laser

The function of ion lasers is that in ion lasers, the ionized atomic energy levels expand and ionize the neutral atom with the first collision.

Molecular laser

The performance of molecular lasers is also such that the transition between molecular energy levels used as the driving force of the laser.

Excimer laser

Excimer lasers, meaning excited dimer, actually use diatomic molecules that are stable in the excited state and unstable in the ground state.

Co2 laser

Carbon dioxide gas laser also used in industries for cutting and welding.

 

Color lasers are a type of lasers that use *organic materials* in its structure as the active laser medium, which is usually in liquid form. This color is made of a carbon-based material that is often fluorescent, after that with the compatible solvent combined and allows the molecules to spread evenly throughout the environment. The dye solution is circulating at a high speed, which prevents the degradation of the dye or its absorption.

What is organic matter?

Organic matter is a substance of organic compounds that formed from the remains of dead organisms from the category of plants and animals and waste materials and their discards in the environment. Organic matter or organic matter refers to a large group of carbon-based compounds that exist in different environments such as water and soil environments or that made in laboratories with the help of synthesis methods. In another definition, organic matter refers to materials obtained from living organisms such as plants and animals and their remains. In addition, organic matter is not limited to living organisms, but organic molecules can produced by chemical reactions in which there are no remains of living organisms. Cellulose, protein, lignin, lipid and carbohydrate can mentioned among the important organic substances. Organic matter plays a very important role in the food cycle of the environment and the remaining water on the surface of plants.

This type of laser mostly used in the field of medicine to improve skin spots, or even out the skin, and to remove unwanted hair. They also used to treat port wine stains and other blood vessel disorders, scars and kidney stones. They can be compatible with various inks for tattoo removal as well as a number of other applications.

They are the makers of the first liquid or color laser that independently discovered this type of laser in 1996.

Semiconductor diode lasers are the best-selling type of laser in the world, and this type of laser as first made in 1962. The purpose of making these types of lasers is to use them in the telecommunications industry, but data storage, CD reading, and use in industrial machines have peaked in recent years.

Their use in medicine is also significant. Today, doctors use this type of laser to analyze blood factors, for example, to measure blood glucose levels without injection.

Robert Noel and General Electric

 

Two groups, one led by Robert and the other for General Electric, started researching the construction of a diode laser, which they finally succeeded in building in 1962. General Electric registered its data earlier and was able to register this invention under its own name.

What are the characteristics of laser beam?

Monotony

Natural light consists of a series of wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to infrared. Instead, a laser is a single wavelength band of light. This feature called monochrome. Monochrome has the advantage of allowing more flexibility in optical design.

HIGH ORIENTATION

Directivity is the property of maintaining the direction of light when moving in space; high directivity indicates that the direction maintained with high accuracy and low expansion. Natural light is a series of bands of light that spread out in all directions, while laser light is directional, making it easy to design optical systems that prevent light from spreading.

HIGH COHERENCE

Coherence explains how much light interferes with itself, and considering light as a wave, it can said that the more uniform the light beam, the greater its coherence. Because the phase, wavelength and direction of the light of this device do not change, a strong wave can maintained to transmit the rays of this device over a long distance without emission. This means that light can focused into a small area with the lens.

HIGH DENSITY

Because lasers have excellent monochromatic, directivity, and coherence, they can focused into a very small area, resulting in high-density light. By focusing the light of this tool in a very small area, you can increase its intensity (power density) even to obtain enough energy to cut metal. Due to these characteristics, the light of this tool used in many fields of modern machining of materials. The intensity maintained for a long time thanks to the coherence and can directed even more with the help of lenses.

The laser beam engraves the surface of the material, is absorbed and heats the material. This heat generation causes the complete removal or vaporization of the material. It engraves marks or cuts a wide range of materials.

At first, we will get to know the nature of different types of lenses in order to reach their usages.

According to the article about everything about light, the refraction part of the use of lenses is based on this part of the use of light.

What is a lens?

A lens is an optical device through which light passes, and emits it in a divergent (diffusing) or converging (concentrating) form.

Lenses are made of transparent materials such as plastic or glass; they use in camera lenses, making prescription glasses and magnifying glasses.

When the first lens made?

The first lens made back to the time of the Assyrians. The possibility that archaeologists have given about the type of use of lenses is that they use to focus sunlight to light a fire or to magnify. Some other researchers argue that lenses were widely used in the Old Testament. For example, artisans used them to do fine work or to prove the effect of a seal.

Who was the first person to use a lens?

 

The first person who used lenses was Ibn Haytham, the father of light physics. After that, Galileo and Abu RihanBiruni used it.

Ibn Haytham invented the first magnifying glass. He is the one who, by studying research and inventing the magnifying glass, led to the invention of the first glasses by Roger Bacon.

Galileo is also the inventor of the first telescope, who thought of making a telescope after he visited Venice and met a person named Hans Lipperhey, who happened to be an eyeglass maker. He invented the telescope after placing a concave and convex lens at the end of a metal tube and looking at the celestial objects.

Abu Rihan Biruni use different types of lenses in the rules of leveling the globe, drawing geographical maps, identifying how the earth’s layers formed, and observing eclipses.

In which countries are the world’s largest and smallest lenses and what are their usage?

The world’s largest lens keep at Mount Graham International Observatory, in the Biennale mountain range in the state of Arizona, USA, and used in the LBT telescope. This type of lens make in 2007 by the cooperation of the three countries of America, Italy and Germany. The compound diameter of this lens is 11.8 meters.

Also, the smallest lenses can be use in optical microscopes that can show you the image up to 100 times larger.

What are the types of lenses?

Converging lens

 

In a converging lens, after breaking and passing through the lens, the light rays collide and converge at one what is the structure of a converging lens?

The structure of converging lenses is such that the edges are thinner than the middle, and they are usually made for different applications in the form of double convex, flat convex and converging crescent.

In what fields are converging lenses used?

This type of lens use in microscopes, telescopes and glasses for people with cameras or astigmatism. This type of lens makes objects appear larger.

Diverging lens

 

In diverging lenses, light rays are spread and diverged after refraction and passing through the lens.

What is the shape of a diverging lens?

The edge of these lenses is wider than the middle, and they made in the form of double-cave, flat-cave and diverging crescent.

In what fields a divergent lens used?

This lens can use in glasses for myopic-astigmatism people. This type of lens makes objects appear smaller.

Compound lenses

The lenses that formed by the combination of these two types of lenses are called compound lenses. Together, we will examine the types of these types of lenses:

  PLANOCONVEX It is a lens whose one side raised or so-called convex and the other side is flat.

 

It used in telescopes. If you view something from the flat side, the objects will be slightly wide.

BICONVEX This type of lens, which is convex on both sides, used in magnifiers, microscopes and telescopes. The image is the same on both sides unless one side has more or less protrusion than the other.

 

CRESENT LENS

It is a lens that one side is convex and the other side is concave. It used in making glasses and the image is wide.

 

PLANOCONCAVE

One side should be concave and the other side should be flat. These lenses use in some very narrow glasses and the image is wide on the flat side and small on the sunken side.

 

BICONCAVE

Both sides should be recessed. The image is the same on both sides unless one side is more recessed or raised than the other.

 

(CONCAVE) Concave crescent lens

It is a type of lens with one side-raised concave and the other side-recessed convex. It uses in glasses and the image is slanted from each side.

 

Which country is the largest lens manufacturer?

Today, the largest lens production company is Zeiss, located in Germany. This company produces the best type of lenses, which used in the manufacture of prescription glasses.

Currently, most of the lenses are made of developing Asian countries, but these products use for other countries and different brands of the world under their supervision.

This is because it is cheap and economical in Asian countries. Most lens manufacturing companies are located in Dubai.

What is the biggest lens manufacturer in Iran?

In Iran, the Company, which is the same as SAIRAN Electro-Optic Industries, produces a wide range of medical and non-medical lenses and glasses.

What do you know about the James Webb telescope?

The James Webb Space Telescope is the largest telescope ever built and this telescope led to the discovery of space objects that could not see with its predecessor, the Hubble Telescope. The purpose of building this type of telescope is to explore the moments of the Big Bang or the Dark Age, and it is able to observe between 100 to 250 million years after the Big Bang.

This telescope consists of 18 compound lenses and mirrors, the diameter of each mirror reaches 6.5 meters, and the total size of the telescope is equivalent to half of a Boeing 737.

 

In the following, we will review different models of modern switches and sockets through stylish and unique designs that are available in the market. Models that will give more importance to the interior decoration details of the house through different design and creative ideas. For example, some models of modern switches and sockets have LED lighting, which not only helps the practical use of these components, but also emphasizes the details and beauty of interior decoration. These models are among the latest modern technologies and with the help of special and unique designs, they add beauty and charm to your decoration.

In addition, new halogen frames have been released to the market, which can adjust the light and have a direct effect on creating a favorable atmosphere in the interior decoration. By using these frames in different parts of the house, you can create different spaces by changing the color of the light and adjusting its intensity and decorate them with your desired mood and advantage. In this way, you can also combine all the interior components of your home with other aspects of interior decoration, such as choosing the color of the walls and furniture and the type and design of these products, and create a harmony between these components that creates a creative visual experience and offer you something different.

The details of the interior design of the house are of potential importance, and the selection of models and components with care and scrutiny is considered as one of the key factors in influencing the beauty and making the interior decoration more stylish. By choosing the latest models of modern switches and sockets and using suitable halogen frames, you can upgrade the interior design of your home to a higher level and create a unique and attractive space.

The location of the switch and socket in the interior decoration

Choosing the right switch and socket for home interior decoration is one of the most important and fundamental decisions that people face when building or renovating their home. These small and simple pieces can have a significant effect on the beauty and efficiency of the interior. To determine the position of the switch and socket in the house, several key points should be considered, for example, paying attention to the general style of decoration makes this choice more accurate, as well as checking the safety, user needs and quality and durability of the switch and sockets, the role of these electronic necessities. They make it bolder.

Knowing the types of switches and sockets and the complementary role of the halogen frame

Undoubtedly, home lighting is one of the most important needs of people. Connecting and distributing electricity requires special equipment such as switches and sockets. Based on this, types of switches and sockets such as metal switches and sockets, modern switches and sockets, classic switches and sockets, and toggle switches and sockets are important and necessary elements in performing electrical work.

In the past, switches and sockets were used only as equipment for connecting and disconnecting electricity. But today, due to the importance of interior decoration, switches and sockets are completed with the basic installation of metal halogen frames and play an important role in the beauty and attractiveness of the interior.

In recent years, with the advancement of technology, smart switches and sockets have also been introduced to the market. These switches and sockets have different functions such as remote control, lighting adjustment, and motion sensors. Smart switches and sockets can help increase the comfort and security of your home.

The best choice in switches and sockets for your living room and home

The living room is the most important part of the house where family members spend most of their time. The presence of electrical appliances, televisions and other electronic products in this area requires the use of many keys in different areas. The increasing use of computers and smart phones in today’s world has made the use of switches and sockets more important than ever.

Apart from the arrangement of furniture in the living room, you need at least one outlet or three outlets to connect chargers for laptops, tablets and wireless mobile phones. If you have a light source other than a ceiling light or table lamp, you need an outlet. Most of the TVs are placed in the interior of the living room, so several switches and power sockets are needed for this purpose as well. Depending on the device you use while watching TV, you can use a power plug and multiple protective power plugs.

If you want to have the best selection of switches and sockets for the reception or living room, it is suggested to use modern, classic models that match the color of the wall and other impressive elements. Also, it is better to place them near the TV bench so that the cables and wires connected to the TV do not create a dense and messy space. By doing this, you will maintain order and beauty in your living room.

How to arrange switches and sockets according to the kitchen space

The kitchen is one of the most practical places where you use electrical appliances more than any other part, so you should place the sockets in the best way in this place. Since the kitchen requires order and cleanliness, it is better to avoid cumbersome methods for proper arrangement and maintaining the beauty and decor of the kitchen and instead, increase the number of sockets and choose a suitable place to place them.

In addition to the main switch and socket for connecting fixed devices such as refrigerator, washing machine and electric kettle, you should also consider additional switches and sockets for using devices such as food processor and blender. To choose a suitable and stylish switch and socket in the kitchen, we recommend using colors that are in harmony with the color of the cabinet. In addition, accessible electronic switches should be in places where it is possible to access them, it is better not to install them near the faucet as much as possible.

To increase the brightness and charming appearance of the kitchen, the use of halogen frames will have a great effect. This type of lighting can give a special effect to the design and decoration of your kitchen and improve its atmosphere.

Key points in determining the role and arrangement of switches and sockets to make the decoration perfect

Considering that switches and sockets are one of the main parts in interior design and decoration, ensuring the complete integration of selected switches with other interior parts can be one of the best and cheapest ways to create space and complete your interior. This design can only be achieved by changing the main frames.

Therefore, when choosing and buying a socket, you should pay attention to the fact that the chosen socket is compatible with other household appliances and the place you want. Another key point in choosing the right switch and socket for your interior is to consider the principle of ambient or home light. This involves sticking to a specific color scheme and better choosing based on your theme. According to the ambient light, you can decorate it according to your taste.

If the walls are not completely white and the other metals used in the environment are also dark, using flat and white switches and sockets will not be a good choice for your decoration. Because this style of switches and sockets shows the lack of coordination in your decoration during installation. If the above article was effective for you, we suggest you also read the articles ” golden tricks to make your home more beautiful” and ” Guide to buying modern switches and sockets “.

The use of laser light in the space industry is one of the most important and advanced technologies used in various fields. Below are some of the applications of laser light in the space industry:
Space communications: Lasers are used as high-speed light sources in space communications. Through laser waves, data can be transmitted at high speed and with high quality between spacecraft, satellites and space systems.
Accurate measurement and measurement: Lasers are used in the space industry for accurate measurement and measurement. By using laser technology, it is possible to measure the distance to spatial objects and structures with high accuracy and at large distances.
Spatial mapping: lasers are used in the process of mapping and making detailed maps of the surface of the moon and planets. By using laser systems, it is possible to register and map precise three-dimensional structures of the space environment.
Power transmission: Lasers are used as an advanced method for wireless power transmission in space. This technology allows spacecraft and space systems to receive power wirelessly from ground power sources or from other spacecraft and satellites.

History of the use of lasers for detection

Sending light to the moon, as one of the scientific and technological achievements in the field of space exploration, began in the 1960s. In this decade, the American space program named “Apollo” began to send humans to the moon. During this program, between 1969 and 1972, 6 Apollo space missions were carried out, which eventually led to the landing of astronauts on the surface of the Moon.
In these missions, light was sent to the moon by means of photographic flashes and photometry equipment. These lights were used to create sufficient lighting in dark areas and to review and record images and videos. Also, light was used as a measuring tool in some scientific experiments.
In addition to the American program, other space programs were started by other countries in the following decades. For example, in 1970, the Russians started the Luna program, which aimed to send research vehicles to the moon.
Since then, space programs and exploration of the moon have continued by various countries and space organizations. Today, as technology advances and communication and imaging methods evolve, sending light to the moon is used for scientific study, commercial uses, and even space tourism experiences.
Dozens of times in the past decade, NASA scientists have fired laser beams at a reflector 385,000 kilometers from Earth. Together with their French colleagues, they announced today that they have detected a signal for the first time, an encouraging result that could boost laser experiments used to study the physics of the universe.
Since Apollo, scientists have used lunar reflectors to learn more about our nearest neighbor. This is a simple experiment: aim a beam of light at the reflector and calculate how long it takes for the light to return. Decades of doing this measurement have led to great discoveries.
Apollo 11 and 14 were delivered in 1969 and 1971 respectively. Each is made of 100 mirrors, which scientists call corner cubes, because they are like the corners of a glass cube.
The advantage of these mirrors is that they can reflect light in any direction it comes from. Another panel with 300 cube corners was dropped by the Apollo 15 astronauts in 1971. The Soviet robotic Mars rovers, Lunokhod 1 and 2, which landed in 1970 and 1973, have two additional reflectors, each with 17 mirrors. Collectively, these reflectors constitute the last working science experiment of the Apollo era.

NASA

Laser communication relay display test

Or in short, the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration test of NASA’s technology
has been mounted on the American Space Force satellite, and it went into space at 5:19 on December 7 (13:49 Tehran time) from the Cape Canaveral space base. The launch was previously scheduled for a few days ago, but a leak in the kerosene fuel storage system on the launch pad delayed it by two days.
The mission is in orbit to conduct a two-year series of experiments to investigate how optical communication links can help download large amounts of information faster than traditional communication systems. The goal of the project is to demonstrate the capabilities of NASA’s first full two-way test of a communications system that can transmit data at rates between 10 and 100 times faster than current radio frequency base systems
, said Trudy Kortes, director of technology demonstrations
for the Technology Missions Office. Optical uploading to transmit data to us using lasers is really a great technology demonstration.

Structure of LCRD

It consists of two optical communication terminals and a switching unit that allows the device to receive the signal, transfer the data to the transmitter and then send the signal to the destination.
It works with infrared lasers that are invisible to the human eye. LCRD
wavelengths of lasers are 10,000 times shorter than radio waves and thus can travel in narrower beams. However, they are still limited by the laws of physics and move at the speed of light.
It transmits data between the mission’s ground stations. LCRD Initial Tests
Next year, NASA plans to send a laser communications terminal to the International Space Station on a commercial cargo spacecraft.
The mobile object allows to test an optical link with an LCRD to the ISS system in this payload
orbits the Earth at a speed of 8 km/s. The laser terminals in the current technology test download data at a rate of 1.2 gigabits per second, and the system can receive data at a similar rate from the space station.
To check more precisely what the structure of this spacecraft is, pay attention to the following article:
1. The communication payload of this section includes the laser communication terminal, which is responsible for establishing laser communication between the satellite and the ground stations.
2. The host satellite hosts the communications payload. The host satellite may be a commercial satellite provided by a space company for this purpose.
3. Chips and electronic equipment: used for the operation of the laser communication terminal and chips and electronic equipment needed for data processing and transmission. It includes laser communication chips, sensing and control equipment, electronic circuits and other related components.
4. Ground stations, a ready ground includes data receiving and sending stations and required control and processing systems. Ground stations establish laser communications and receive and send data using laser equipment connected to the laser communications terminal on the satellite.

LCRD mission objective

NASA’s LCRD plans to test a variety of uses during its initial two-year mission,
allowing NASA to learn how optical communications will perform in a larger network. Test data will include spacecraft health telemetry, tracking and command data, and sample user data, according to NASA.
Direct optical communication to Earth was previously tested in 2013 and 2014 by spacecraft orbiting the Moon. But the test time was limited because the laser payload was considered a secondary objective in the mission. NASA now has enough time to demonstrate the technology in action and can refine the current models by conducting a variety of experiments and collecting large amounts of data.
According to NASA, the test of laser communication opens the way for other organizations and companies.
Developed prior to the deployment of the Starlink network,
it is not compatible with LCRD terminals but the laser payload of SpaceX’s Internet fleet. The experiment is led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center with support from the Piranha Jet Experiment and MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory.

The proof of application of relay services is two-way optical communication between the geosynchronous circuit and the ground. The project supports advanced communications, navigation, and avionics key focus areas of exploration. This effort will prove optical communication technology in an operational environment, providing data rates up to 100 times faster than today’s radio frequency-based communication systems. The demonstration will measure and characterize system performance under various conditions, develop operating procedures, evaluate feasibility for future missions, and provide in-circuit capability to test and demonstrate standards for optical relay communications. This capability, if successfully demonstrated, could be quickly injected into NASA missions, other federal agencies, and US satellite manufacturers and operators as demand for bandwidth increases.

Laser specifications

The diameter of this laser is about three quarters of an inch and it sends optical signals to the moon at a speed of 1.2 gigabits per second. This amount can illuminate an area of ​​one kilometer on the moon. The weight of this laser is about one ton. These lasers are 44 times smaller than radio receivers.

Launch LCRD

It was originally supposed to launch in 2016 on a commercial communications spacecraft, but NASA switched the payload to a Space Force satellite. Delays in the construction of the spacecraft delayed the launch until mid-2021, and after a change in the Atlas 5 launch schedule, the mission was postponed to the end of the year. It was finally launched on December 7.

Lighting in a building is one of the most important features of architecture and design. Exterior lighting has a significant effect on its attraction and beauty.

Now the question is:

Should all buildings have a lot of special lighting?

The use of lighting system in all the buildings of the city is not harmful and causes a lot of electricity consumption and visual pollution. Special lighting is done for commercial buildings and buildings in special areas. For example, important buildings such as Burj Khalifa, Eiffel Tower, or locations that need to identify for further identification are illuminated.

Different lighting techniques in buildings

Among the various techniques that use in lighting the facades of buildings are:

Motion lighting

It is called moving lighting that moves at fixed time intervals and causes more visual attraction. This type of lighting is usually used for advertising on the facade of commercial buildings.

An example of this lighting model is the musical fountain in Dubai.

In the construction of the fountain, they used 6.600 different lamps and lights, which have the ability to stand out in 25 different colors. The unique man-made phenomenon that occupies a large area is 275 meters long (approximately equal to 2 football fields) and was built on the 30-hectare lake of Burj Khalifa. The capabilities of the colorful Dubai fountain are therefore one of the popular entertainments of tourists who visit the Dubai fountain.

Offset lighting

The lighting that used from a distance to highlight the vertical structures of the building called offset. The most famous example for this model, which is a combination of offset lighting, decoration and display, is the Eiffel Tower. On the opening day of this tower, a thousand gas lamps were connected to it, which together with 2 projectors stood out in its highest part. These two projectors were responsible for illuminating other important historical buildings in France.

Eiffel blue, red and white lights also used. It was the most powerful lantern light used at that time. After that, it decided that gas lamps should be lit every night in a certain period of time.so that people can enjoy that pleasant scene. In 1900, they decided to use 5,000 electric lamps or electric lights with less electricity consumption to illuminate the Eiffel Tower, which used as a new decorative aspect. In 1937, for the French Art and Technique Exhibition, a structure installed under the first floor of the Eiffel Tower, with a huge chandelier hanging from it. 10 kilometers of fluorescent lamps and 30 spotlights in blue, gold and red colors used to illuminate this section.

In 1958, about 1,290 projectors installed in small holes in Champ de Mars to light up the Eiffel Tower every evening. Over time, when the issues of optimal electricity use became very important, the use of these high-consumption projectors and lamps objected too. For this reason, in 1958, a new program considered for the lighting of the Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower was the first structure that used sodium lamps for its lighting. On the 120th anniversary of the Eiffel Tower, another show and performance with lighting was performed in October 2009, which continued until the end of December. But this time, in order to save electricity, LED lamps were used in the lighting of the Eiffel Tower, which were turned on almost at the same time as the sunset, every hour, for 10 minutes.

Surface lighting

It uses to show the texture of the type of material used in the facade of the building. The lighting used in the Lit brothers building is the surface lighting used to show the textures and details of this structure. This building is in Philadelphia, USA. This building used to function as a store, but today it has become a historical monument, and due to the use of marble stones and old architecture, this type of lighting has been used, and this has made this store famous in that area.

The lighting used in the Lit brothers building is the surface lighting used to show the textures and details of this structure. This building is in Philadelphia, USA. This building used to function as a store, but today it has become a historical monument, and due to the use of marble stones and old architecture, this type of lighting has been used, and this has made this store famous in that area.

Decorative lighting​

The use of lighting devices to add beauty to the facade of a building called decorative lighting. Almost all structures in Dubai use the decorative method for buildings and towers.

The contouring method used in the lighting of the MANACAR Tower in Mexico City. The use of LED lamps in the not-so-deep recesses and protrusions of this tower has created a texture that gives you the feeling of deep textures when you look at it from a distance. .

Booth building  ​   

Using devices that are far from the facade for uniform illumination of the facade so that the general view can be seen.

The lighting of Burj Al Arab in the UAE is the type of pavilion lighting. From a very strong flashing light, that has up to 85% energy saving properties. This LED light system is controlled.

This system in which each LED light has a unique DMX address to the individual in the network. Fixed effects on Burj Al Arab controlled by this system.

What things affect the lighting of the building?

 

• Building typology (historical or non-historical, hotel, residential, commercial)
• Height of buildings and architectural elements
• Width of building elements
• Characteristics of the materials used in the facade
• The colors used in the view
• Technical details of facade materials

Next, we want to examine the best buildings in terms of lighting in the world:

Las Vegas MSG Butter

The MSG SPHERE spherical building is one of the wonders of the technology world that built in Las Vegas. In this building, the method of dynamic lighting and booth construction is used.

With a height of 112 meters and a width of 157 meters, this sphere will be the largest spherical structure in the world. This building will have a screen with a resolution of 19,000 x 13,500 pixels, which will have the highest image quality and resolution in the world. The Korean dome alone weighs 13,000 tons and its area is 20,400 square meters.

The construction group has started to build a 223-meter steel structure that will form the overall design of the internal LED screen of this entertainment complex and will support the sound system.

Inside the Haptic Heliport, as part of the immersive experience technology, an infrasonic system (a system that allows the touch of virtual objects to be completely real and tangible) will be used, which by applying deep vibrations will make the guests fully immersed in the concert and event atmosphere. to feel The outer part of the sphere will have programmable lighting of about 56,000 square meters.

Galata Tower

Galata Tower is rightfully a worthy and unique symbol for the city of Istanbul. A city that is popular because of its not only antiquity and history, but because of its beauty, vitality, and its irrevocable charm! The pavilion method used in the lighting structure of this tower.

All the upper parts of the tower, especially the top of the tower, are illuminated and these lights lit at night. This lighting has made Galata not hidden from the eyes even at night and shines in the city with orange and red lights. In addition, Galata Tower, like most famous and well-known buildings, has 3D lighting; 3D and laser lighting that is broadcast for the tower during special ceremonies and celebrations and doubles its beauty. One of these events, which held recently, was the celebration of the 100th year of nationalization and the adoption of the Turkish national anthem. In this light show and images on the Galata Tower, prominent figures from the time of the migration of Turks from Central Asia to today seen.

 

Saint Petersburg Resurrection Church

One of the most magnificent buildings of the 18th century in Russia, which is located in Saint Petersburg, is the Resurrection Church of Saint Petersburg.

According to the belief of the builders of this church, which has spread to many visitors, Jesus Christ will reappear from this church and the resurrection will begin from this church.

The designer of this church is Italian architect Piero Castiglioni, who designed the Church of the Resurrection following the baroque and neoclassical architecture. The construction period of this church is 24 years. Also, the lighting of Resurrection Church is according to a new system.

Since the Church of the Resurrection has seen very important events such as the massacre of March 1881 in which the second tsar of Russia died, it is also called the savior of blood.

The difference between this church and St. Petersburg churches is in its colored mosaics and onion-like domes, which are very similar to St. Basil’s Cathedral. In the lighting project of this church, the number of lighting structures was increased by its architects and new light sources were replaced. Instead of old lighting, metal holiday light with a range of warm lights has been used. In this way, the designers were able to control the shadows by harmonizing the lights using a combination of different lights, and also by using the surface lighting technique, it shows the paintings and subtleties on the facade well.

Burj Khalifa

In 2018, Burj Khalifa’s unique lighting set a Guinness record as the largest lighting in the world.

It was known, from 280 moving lights (EMIRATE LIGHTS UP) in this show, which is around the frame of the building, more than 40 laser devices, 230 xenon lighting devices, 280 lighting devices with LED screens and light beams. Another special feature was used to immerse the 828-meter Burj Khalifa in the world of light. In this attractive project, dynamic lighting is used.

He had a team of more than 300 engineers, specialists and consultants who built and installed almost 120 tons of equipment and did more than 29 kilometers of cabling.

Heydar Ali F. cultural center building

This building is an important cultural center in Baku, the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The design of this building was carried out after an international design competition in 2007 by Zaha Hadid, the lady of the eastern architect who was truly a successful project in all aspects of architecture and non-architecture, and was finally completed in 2012. The lighting method is also inspired by the type of pavilion construction and contouring.

This center is located on a 10-hectare area near the Baku Convention Center. It is famous for its fluid form, which architects and designers around the world see as a reaction to the rigid architecture of the Soviet Union era, as well as a reference to Islamic calligraphy and elements of traditional Azeri architecture.

El Flamingo Las Vegas Casino

This casino is located in the brightest spot on earth, Las Vegas, where LED lamps used throughout its surface and it is designed in a dynamic lighting style.

About this building itself, it said that the size is 72229 meters and the art deco and Mediterranean style used for its construction and design. 3460 rooms can be inhabited inside this casino hotel.

 CASA BATLLO building, Spain

This building is the most original and dreamy house built in Barcelona. The Ballio building is a symbol of the dragon on the roof of which Saint George is killing the dragon

The facade of the building is made of mosaic, glass and ceramic and has a strange wavy shape. When you look at it in the sunlight, you feel that the building is riding the waves and moving. In the windows of the built rooms, which are similar to the skull and teeth of a dragon, lights from LED lights are used, which shows the scaly and wavy appearance of the facade at night, which is a surface lighting style. This architecture, which used three-dimensional style in its time, was unique in its kind.

View of Casa Batllo using paintings by digital artist REFIC ANADOL

It was designed by artificial intelligence, illuminated by Casa Batllo surface projectors. The project used more than a billion publicly available archival images, as well as using artificial intelligence data that was fed into customized algorithms that used weather data from Barcelona to produce images that were projected onto the building. was combining

OPERA HOUSE Sydney

It is considered one of the most distinctive buildings of the 20th century in terms of architectural art, which is located in the coastal city of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Sydney Opera House is currently one of the most important tourist attractions in Australia.

At first, it was done based on the roof lighting and with the help of spotlights from hundreds of meters away from the building. Unfortunately, this lighting created unfavorable shadows in the lower part of the shells. By performing many experiments and simulations, suitable bright shadows were obtained by installing stronger projectors in special lighting stations 500 meters away from the building and in the opposite direction of the round docks. Many lenses and optical equipment were used to implement the desired lighting, and finally the proper lighting desired by the authorities was realized. This type of lighting includes dynamic and surface style

EMPRE STATE in Manhattan, New York

In addition to its specific uses, Empire State lighting is also known as a tourist attraction. In November 1993, the huge floodlights on top of the tower were used for the first time to  announce Roosevelt’s  victory in the US election. New high pressure floodlights were installed on the 72nd floor in 1964 to illuminate the top of the building. In 1976, a proposal was made to replace the 1,000 incandescent lamps in the tower with 204 metal halide lamps. In the same year, special red, white and blue lighting was installed in the Empire State on the occasion of a national holiday.

Since 1976, special lighting has been implemented on top of the Empire State Tower, which can be changed according to seasonal events and holidays. Additionally, groups and organizations can apply for special occasion lighting through the Empire State website. Numerous events such as honoring individuals, supporting New York sports teams, anniversaries of famous people’s deaths, and the like are all included in the Empire State’s special lighting.

In 2012, all of the Empire State’s metal halide lamps were replaced with new 1.200 LED lamps, increasing the available lighting colors from 9 to 16 million. The new system has computer control and gives more modern lighting effects to the tower.

Luxor casino Las Vegas

The Luxor Casino in Las Vegas is a 30-story casino hotel located at the end of the South Strip in Las Vegas, Paradise. This casino opened in 1993. The distinguishing feature of this casino is the concentrated white light that is sent to the sky by 39 xenon lamps of 7000 watts. This building is designed as one of the three pyramids of Egypt, which is also called the city of Luxor.

At the top of the pyramid, these lamps are used to light up to 275 miles (443 km) at night. Since 2008, only half of these lamps are lit to prevent excessive electricity consumption.

Walt Disney Concert Hall

Walt Disney Concert Hall’s exterior is a combination of raw and angular shapes and is a symbol of the musical movement and movement of Los Angeles. This design is developed through paper models and designs that are characteristic of the Gray process. The custom curvature required a very specific steel structure, including the box columns that are tilted in section 17 on the north side of the building.

The panels and unique curves of the facade are illuminated during the day and colored by city lights after dark. Originally, the building was to be clad in stone, but after the completion of Bilbao’s Guggenheim Museum, the concert hall’s titanium-clad cousin, more malleable materials were chosen. Dynamic lighting method is used in this structure.

Singapore Science and Art Museum

This building, which is located in Singapore’s Marina Bay, is reminiscent of a lotus flower, which is the reason for its popularity. It was designed and built by Moshe Safadi. The surface of this building is made of a type of waterproof fiberglass. The lighting of this complex is superficial and it is illuminated using projectors that are placed around this structure. Also, the dynamic lighting has given a double attraction to this collection.

Beijing National Water Sports Center

This structure, which is known as the water cube, was built in 2008 to host the Paralympic Games. The structural pattern of this building was inspired by cut soap bubbles, and a bubble was made from glass on a steel body. The structure is considered among the green buildings because the amount of carbon and heat produced through lighting is zero. The lighting of this building is surface and motion.

Kobe Japan Guest House

In 1995, a severe earthquake hit the city of Kobe, Japan, which caused the death of 6,000 people and damage of nearly 100 billion dollars. The survivors lived in the dark without electricity and water until the rescue operation. For this reason, the Italian government decided to give them 200,000 painted lamps. This not only caused people to use light, but these lamps also symbolized their return to life. This facade changes its decor every year with the help of Italian art directors and is designed in a special way.

 

Before dealing with the topic of this article for better understanding, read the article How light is created:

Sunlight: Sunlight is one of the natural lights that reaches the earth from the sun. Its color varies in the form of red, orange, yellow, green and blue in a wide range of colors. Sunlight has a natural spectrum that is very suitable for lighting and coloring. This type of light naturally creates a feeling of comfort and intimacy in spaces. Also, sunlight plays an important role in regulating our body’s biological clock and helps us regulate our sleep and wake cycles.

Nonnatural: Nonnatural has a color like sunlight with a spectrum that includes red and orange, but less blue and green. This type of light has a lower color temperature and is more towards red and orange. Warm white light creates a feeling of peace and comfort in spaces and is suitable for use in comfortable and intimate spaces such as bedrooms, living rooms and restaurants.

Cold white light: Cold white light has a spectrum that includes blue and green colors and less red and orange. This type of light has a high color temperature and a cooler color. Cool white light is used in bright and energizing spaces, such as workspaces, stadiums, and public areas. This type of light naturally stimulates wakefulness and energy and is suitable for use in spaces that require high concentration and strong lighting.

Ultimately, the choice between sunlight, warm white light and cool white light depends on the needs and the desired environment. Consider factors such as intended use, desired feelings, and environmental applications:

Sunlight
has a wide range of colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, and blue,
creating a sense of naturalness and comfort in spaces,
adjusting the biological clock of the body and influencing the sleep and waking process,
extensive use of natural lighting and appropriate coloring.

Natural light
has a color like sunlight with a spectrum of red and orange,
creating a feeling of relaxation and comfort in spaces.
It is usually used for comfortable and intimate spaces.
The color temperature is lower than sunlight and cold white light.

White light
has a spectrum that includes blue and green colors. It is
used in bright and energizing spaces such as workplaces and gyms.
It stimulates wakefulness and gives energy.
It has a high color temperature and a cooler color than sunlight and warm white light.

Therefore, the choice between these three types of light depends on the needs and the desired environment. For natural and comfortable spaces, sunlight or natural light is suitable, while for bright and energizing spaces, cold white light is suitable.

The light of lamps can appear colorful according to the principles of light and color perception. Here is a simple explanation:

Visible light spectrum: Visible light includes a spectrum of colors from red to violet. This spectrum is usually shown as letters, where each letter represents a color (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet). We will discuss the additional explanations of the visible spectrum below.

Colored filters: Some lamps use colored filters or lenses to modify the emitted light. These filters selectively transmit certain wavelengths of light while absorbing others. For example, a red filter allows red light to pass while blocking other colors, resulting in red-colored light.

Phosphors and LEDs: In the case of fluorescent lamps or LED lamps, a different mechanism is involved. Fluorescent lamps contain phosphors, which are substances that emit light when excited by high-energy electrons. These phosphors can be coated inside the lamp tube and when electricity passes through the gas inside the tube, it excites the phosphors and causes light to be emitted. The specific combination of phosphors used can determine the color of the emitted light.

Color combination: Color combination is a basic principle in lighting design. A wide range of colors can be created by combining different colors. For example, combining red and blue light produces violet, while combining red and green light produces yellow.

white light

Before dealing with white light, let’s summarize how light is formed:
Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation energy that is made up of various radiation energies, such as radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet rays, and X-rays.
Visible light or the light we see is in the middle of this electromagnetic spectrum and is a small part of this spectrum, but this visible light spectrum is always changing.
At the end of this spectrum, there is red color, which has the longest wavelength, and at the end, blue or violet light has the shortest wavelength.

The white light that is seen consists of the combination of all these colors. Primary colors such as green, red and blue and secondary colors such as magenta, cyan and yellow are obtained from the decomposition of white light.

The first person to prove this theory was Newton. Newton passed light through a glass prism to determine the color spectrum that makes up light, then passed that spectrum through another prism to combine these lights to form white light. This simple experiment led to a better understanding of colors. The component of the light became white.

Thomas Young, a Danish physicist, studied the theory and behavior of light in the 19th century. He developed the wave theory of light and showed that light is an electromagnetic wave that travels at a constant speed.

 

Thomas Young

James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, presented a mathematical model to describe light in the 19th century. He presented Maxwell’s equations based on which light is described as an electromagnetic James Clerk Maxwell

Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist, investigated and described light and electromagnetic waves in the 19th century. In his experiments, he showed that light can move at a constant speed in space and he made this speed equal to the speed of light in vacuum. wave and the spectrum of different colors is explained in this model.

Heinrich Hertz

Cold white light, which is bluish, has various uses in industrial sectors. The color temperature has clear and balanced qualities. Because of its colder appearance, cool white has fewer lasting properties compared to daylight white light. This type of light is often used in places that usually require bright light, such as manufacturing facilities, construction sites, and structures that process chemicals and petroleum, because it is reliable for a variety of jobs. Although cool white light is not often used in living spaces, it may be used in garages, laundry rooms, and other dimly lit areas of the home.
shopping malls, hospitals, and public buildings are examples of commercial and retail locations that often use cool white light bulbs. Daylight color temperature lamps are not recommended for such settings due to increased risk of eye strain. In these environments, cool white settings encourage moderate attention and people can tolerate prolonged light exposure. It is very important to remember how bright colors and surfaces in a space may be accentuated with cool whites. If the walls and objects in the space are already white and bright, cool white light may not be the ideal choice.

Natural light or white/natural day

Natural light, or daylight, has a yellowish-white color, the use of which in the space brings a certain relaxation, because its brightness is like sunlight and conveys the feeling of the day. The temperature of these lamps is between 3000 and 2700 Kelvin. This pressure light It affects the eyes less than sunlight or white light.

Warm white light is used in various cases due to its warm and pleasant appearance. Several examples of warm white light use include:
Homes and comfort spaces: In homes and domestic spaces, warm white light is used to create a sense of warmth and comfort. Usually, it is common to choose warm white light in bedrooms, living rooms, and rooms used for rest and relaxation.
Restaurants and cafes: In restaurants and cafes, the use of warm white light can create a friendly and comfortable atmosphere. This light looks warmer and more welcoming and is suitable for environments used for speaking and watching performances and events.
Hotels and Residences: In the hospitality industry, warm white light is used to create a pleasant and relaxing environment for guests. This light is used for hotel rooms, lobby, restaurant and other spaces.
Health and beauty service spaces: In the terminology of the beauty and makeup industry, warm white light is used to create a calm and pleasant atmosphere. This light is used in massage rooms, make-up rooms and beauty salons.
Relaxation and recreation spaces: In relaxation spaces such as fitness halls, saunas and swimming pools, it is common to use warm white light. This light turns into a warm and friendly environment and is important for the comfort and relaxation of clients.
In general, warm white light is used in spaces that need to create a welcoming and friendly environment due to the feeling of warmth, relaxation and comfort.
Sunlight
It is important to know that in trying to simulate sunlight in lamps, it is not always easy to be completely accurate and obtain light like natural sunlight. But by using advanced technologies and improving the methods of light production, we are getting closer to the totality of natural sunlight over time.

Sunlight is used in different types of spaces and industries. Let’s examine some of the uses of sunlight together:

Normal lighting: In homes, offices, schools and public spaces such as shopping malls and restaurants, sunlight is used as a natural lighting source. Sunlight can brighten and liven up spaces and convey a more natural feeling.

Lighting systems: In exterior spaces and architecture, sunlight is used as a lighting element. By using intelligent design and proper positioning of objects, sunlight can contribute to the beauty and attractiveness of open spaces and buildings.

Solar industry: Sunlight is used directly in the solar industry. In the installation of solar panels to generate solar electricity, sunlight is absorbed by the panels and converted into electricity.

Agriculture: Sunlight is very important for the growth and nutrition of plants. In greenhouses and agricultural spaces, the use of natural light as a light source for plants facilitates better growth and improved performance.
In general, sunlight is used as a natural and sustainable energy source of light in many industries and spaces, and it brings many benefits including energy saving.

Signs that we should know to buy lamps!

To find out the color or color temperature of a lamp, you can look at the labels and markings on the packaging or the lamp itself. In many cases, lamp manufacturers use special marking systems that specify the color or color temperature of the lamp. In the following, we will examine some general methods to find out the color of a light bulb:
Color code: Some light bulbs have a color code on the packaging or on their body. This code is usually indicated by letters or numbers and tells you what color the light bulb is. Is.

Color temperature in Kelvin units: Some lamps have color temperature values ​​in Kelvin units. For example, cool solar lamps typically have a color temperature above 5,000 Kelvin, while warm solar lamps typically have a color temperature below 3,000 Kelvin.

Pay attention to the image above:

White light: usually the color temperature is between 5000 and 6500 Kelvin. These temperatures are close to daylight, white or cold light.

Natural light: usually the color temperature is between 4000 and 5000 Kelvin. These temperatures are close to natural daylight and are known as natural light.

Yellow light: usually the color temperature is between 2700 and 3500 Kelvin. These temperatures are close to the well-known warm yellow light.

Color temperature on the specification sheet: On the specification sheet of the lamp, the color temperature or color of the lamp is usually specified. This information can be displayed in different categories such as “warm sun”, “cold sun” and “top xenon”.

It is important to remember that standards and markings may vary between lamp manufacturers. Therefore, it is better to check the product packaging for more accuracy, and if you need more detailed information, refer to the technical specifications page of the lamp.

How to form light and different colors such as white, natural and yellow in all kinds of lamps

LED lamp

They don’t use filaments that are in old lamps to light up. In LEDs, filaments have been replaced by semiconductors, and the way it works is that electric current passes through these semiconductors and light is produced. Then the light is absorbed by the phosphor coating inside the bubble and causes the lamp to glow. Two positive and negative semiconductors are used in LED lamps. The potential difference created by the electric current in the semiconductors creates an excitation on the negative side. To free themselves from this situation, the electrons move towards the positive side and upon reaching the junction of the two positive and negative semiconductors, they produce light. This produced light is used to keep the lamp on.

The most common way to produce white light in LED lamps is to use chips and light diodes. Blue diodes are used as primary light. In the optical chamber, they use a chip that integrates a converting phosphor, fluorescent dye, quantum dots or other converting materials. The blue light emitted by the LED excites the quantum dots. This excitation causes white light in the LED housing. Another method is to mix colors using LEDs of different colors such as red, green and blue, the intensity of each of which changes the temperature and color of the light. For example, using more red light causes the LED lamp to become sunny color or daylight.

tungsten lamp

The filament in the tungsten lamp is called the filament. The filament is placed in a glass bulb that is filled with a vacuum or inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. The current reaches the filament through terminals or wires embedded in the glass.

To produce white light in a tungsten lamp, the filament is placed in a tube containing nitrogen gas, which is heated by electric current. When the filament is heated, it produces light with different color spectrums. The combination of these lights produces white light. However, if the filament is controlled at a temperature, a light close to natural daylight is produced. Now, if this electric current has a high intensity in the filament, yellow sunlight is produced.

Gas lamp

Fluorescent lamps have an elongated, narrow shape that emits light longitudinally, while gas lamps have an oval bulb inside which a glass cylinder is held by a metal holder. The electric arc created between the electrodes inside the glass tube which is filled with conductive gas produces energy in the form of light, while in old lamps this energy was used to heat tungsten filaments. Their types are: lamps Mercury vapor, low pressure sodium lamp, high pressure sodium lamp and metal halide lamp

All these lamps use the same structure and features. All of them, like fluorescent lamps, are considered a type of electric arc lights, which differ in the shape of the bulb.

Gas lamps use a combination of gases that can produce a spectrum of different colors. These gases usually include hydrogen, helium, argon and nitrogen. By adjusting the amount and ratio of these gases, it is possible to create white light with a wide range of colors.

To produce natural light in gas lamps, a special compressed gas is used. This gas usually includes hydrogen, helium and argon. With the proper combination and precise adjustment of the amounts of these gases, it is possible to produce light with a color close to natural light.

Compressing sodium gas is also used to produce yellow light. The amount and

The type of halides and their ratio with xenon gas are the factors that determine the final color spectrum. Therefore, by using different gases and halides in gas lamps, light with a color spectrum like sunlight or yellow is produced.

energy saving lightbulb

The way the low-energy lamp works has caused them to quickly replace incandescent lamps from the very beginning of production to reduce the cost of electricity consumption. The structure of the energy-saving lamp is made of a twisted tube or vacuum curve. A compact electronic ballast is placed at the base of the lamp. There are two electrodes at the two ends of this tube, which are filled with barium gas. The operation of the low-consumption lamp is in such a way that a converter switch is built into it, which replaces the high frequency and the starter.

The energy-saving lamp produces light through argon gas and mercury vapor inside a screw-shaped tube. The ballast embedded in this lamp passes the electric current through gas and mercury molecules. When the energy saving lamp is turned on, it takes some time for its mechanism to work and produce its final light. In fact, during this time, the lamp is heated and the molecules inside it are excited. When the molecules are excited, they start to produce ultraviolet or UV light, which is converted into visible light by the fluorescent material inside the bulb.

When an electric current passes through the gas, the electrons briefly collide with the atoms of the gas and the atoms go into a higher state. When the atom returns to the ground state, it emits energy in the form of photons. These photons are emitted as white light through the inner lining of the fluorescent tube, which is usually coated with phosphor. Phosphorus coloring technology is used to produce natural light. In this method, there is a phosphor layer inside the fluorescent tube that absorbs the blue or violet light produced by the fluorescent gas and emits it as natural light with a color close to natural light. It absorbs purple and is produced.

Xenon lamp

Xenon lamps start with xenon gas. The function of xenon lamps is the same as the formation of thunder and lightning. This lamp has an anode (positive pole) and a cathode (negative pole) that are connected to the electric field. Anode and cathode are located near each other and are in contact with neon gas in the chamber. Connecting the anode and cathode to the electric current causes them to get a very high and of course non-uniform electric charge and their potential difference becomes very large. The electric potential difference causes the xenon gas electrons to flow and separate them from the gas atoms, and in this way, the xenon becomes ionized and starts to glow. Creating this glow means turning on the xenon lamp.

To produce white light, xenon gas is placed inside a glass tube. When an electric current is passed through the gas, the electrons collide with the xenon atoms and the atoms are excited. When the atom returns to the down state, energy is released in the form of photons and these photons are emitted as white light through the glass tube. Xenon lamps are closer to natural light. But the production of natural light in xenon lamps depends on the exact composition of xenon gas and the use of suitable optical filters to correct the light spectrum. These filters are usually used to reduce some yellow and blue colors and correct the spectrum towards natural light. A yellow filter is used to produce yellow light in xenon lamps. This yellow filter is usually designed as part of the glass tube. The yellow filter selectively allows yellow light to pass through and enhances the yellow color.

Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856 at 12 o’clock in the rainy night in the village of Smil Jan, Croatia. At that time, their village was part of the Austrian Empire. His mother called him the child of light because he was born on a night when there was thunder.
His father was a priest and his mother was the daughter of a priest and had a very good memory. Tesla went to his mother’s grandfather because he was also an inventor and very intelligent.

Childhood and youth

He experienced his first trauma when he was 5 years old. He and his brother were riding when his brother fell off the horse and died several days later. He blamed himself for his brother’s death because he thought he had scared his brother’s horse.

As a child, he had an extraordinary visual memory and could remember all the events in complete detail. Also, he was highly intelligent and creative, and before he made an umbrella to fly, although this was not successful.

During his school days, his physics teacher found him interested in electricity. During his high school years, he mentally solved complex integral calculations so that he completed four years of high school in three years and then returned to his family.

University

His father insisted that he become a priest and somehow do their family job. Although Nicola had big thoughts in his head. At the age of 17, he was ready to go to the school of religious sciences. He got seriously ill. After several visits to the doctor, they found out that he had cholera, and the doctors told his parents that he would probably not live for a few more days!
He, who could hardly speak, got a promise from his father that if he regains his health, he should allow him to go to the engineering school. His father accepted this condition.
Tesla regained his health and went to engineering school as promised by his father. He was very interested in Mark Twain’s books and later met him and talked with him.
According to himself, Mark Twain’s books helped him a lot in getting his health.
Due to his illness, he joined the army before going to university, but he could not survive in the army and ran away from there. He went to university at the age of 21. He joined the University of Graz in Austria in 1887. During that time, he spent his time on his research, just like when he was in high school, when he loved electricity; he also spent his university research on the same subject. He was so involved in research that the university informed his family that if he continues this process, he would face serious problems because he spends studying and researching from 3 am to 11 pm, but he fell in love with electricity and started his work.
In the university, he proposed a plan to replace alternating current instead of direct current, and his professor rejected this plan.
In the third year of the university, he left the studies and the university and turned to gambling, lost all his savings, and earns his living by doing day jobs.
After some time, he returned to his own country due to lack of residence and three weeks later he lost his father due to illness. After that, Nikola gave up gambling and started studying because he could not afford to continue his education. After some time, he returned to the university with the support of his uncles and continued his research.
At the same time, Edison invented the incandescent light bulb and introduced it to the market in 1879. Contrary to popular belief, Edison was not the inventor of electricity, and he invented the incandescent light bulb, which we have been using for years. Edison is a role model for Tesla. And his ultimate goal was to go to America and meet with Edison.
After university, he went to Budapest in 1870 and employed in the central telegraph office.
He had a strong thinking power, he imagined the things he was going to invent very well, and he had a strange hearing power that sometimes bothered him so that you could hear the ticking of the clock from three rooms away. One day he was walking with his friend when suddenly a plan came to his mind and he drew it with a stick on the ground. Can make it

Trip to America and Edison Company

During Tesla’s trip to America, he brought with him a letter of introduction from one of Tesla’s European partners named Charles Bachelor, who was the director of Tesla in the company he worked for. In addition, the other is this young man.
With this letter, he went to Edison and explained to him the design of AC motors, but he was against this design. Edison said that we register one small invention every month and one small invention every 6 months and in this way, we attract capital.
After this, Tesla started working and the news of his expertise reached Edison. In one of the meetings that Tesla had with Edison, he asked him to let him work on his direct current generators and improve it. Edison, who didn’t think he could do it, agreed and told him if you can do it, I will give you $50,000.
Tesla began to design generators with enthusiasm, he did this work for a whole year, then he succeeded and this was a very big event for the Edison Company and the managers were very happy about this event. After this incident, Tesla went to Edison to get his reward, but Edison did not fulfill his promise and told him that his words were a joke and the only thing he did was to give him a very small salary increase, which made Tesla very upset and left the company. He resigned and started working. He spends his days as a laborer and his nights working on the AC motor control project.
Big investors who heard this news during their conversations with Tesla offered him cooperation and Tesla managed to prepare a small laboratory for himself. It came to his mind and along with that, he made and registered other inventions. One of these inventions made a beautiful and durable arc lamp, which welcomed, but investors took its patent.
The prototype of Tesla’s great invention was unveiled in May 1888 and introduced the alternating current motor that is present in the devices we use today.
Until 1892, Tesla registered 22 more inventions in his name. He was given letters of credit such as generators, converters, and communication lines, which were the biggest inventions registered until then after the invention of the telephone. He became a famous person. And all the people and investors were going to him to cooperate with him.

Westinghouse Company

One of the people who knew the value of Tesla’s inventions was a person named George Westinghouse. He was one of the investors who was an inventor himself and wanted to make Tesla’s inventions, which were only ideas, into reality. He offered to buy the privileges of Tesla’s inventions, which related to alternating current, with Tesla at a value of one million dollars. In addition, to pay Tesla Company two and a half dollars for each horsepower of energy produced from Tesla’s inventions. TESLA could become the richest person in the world just by receiving these two and a half dollars, so she accepted this offer.
After this, he lit up the Westinghouse neighborhood store in Buffalo with alternating current and his own light bulbs, and amazed everyone. Edison now took Tesla seriously as a competitor, and ordinary people saw that there were other ways to There is also electricity generation.
Tesla made great progress in his work now, and this was the beginning of Edison’s troubles because Tesla could easily replace alternating current with direct current. This was the beginning of a Great War between Edison and his partner John Pierre Morgan and Tesla and Westinghouse. The war that known as the war of currents.

War of currents

The difference between direct current DC and alternating current AC

The electric current that Edison used was direct electric current and he believed that no other type of current used for commercialization.
The main problem with direct current was that it was not possible to change the voltage, for example, if high voltage is used, it is possible to cause the burning of electrical appliances and the bursting of lamps, and if the voltage is low, for example, the required voltage of the lamp can produced for the use of devices. We will get into trouble.
The second problem of using direct voltage is that in order to transfer the current to distant places, a copper wire with a large diameter used; as a result, we will have a voltage drop. In this case,
there is an alternating current, which usually has a high voltage, in contrast to the direct current. In this current, the voltage can be increased and decreased and different currents can sent to different devices and lamps. At the same time, it does not have the problem of transferring to distant places.
In comparison, we know that the transmission of alternating current for commercial electricity is definitely a suitable option, but there were two main problems for its transmission at that time: the
first problem was that a device that could control the alternating current that Tesla wanted to use had not yet been invented. And he had designed the idea in the park.
The second problem was the high voltage in the alternating current, which was far more dangerous. At that time, people were afraid of it due to lack of familiarity with electricity. Also, several fires had occurred due to this high voltage, and the public’s mind was ruined.

From the late 1870s in America, Edison had set up his first power plant and people could use it.
In 1882, Tesla went to one of Edison’s subsidiaries and started working there. His work was the installation and commissioning of urban lighting systems by incandescent lamps.
He had gained a lot of experience in his work field in Paris, as a result, he made responsible for the design and manufacture of generators and dynamos, and his position raised to the extent that he sent Tesla to France to solve the engineering problems of other Edison companies. And they sent to Germany.
In Budapest, Paris and Germany, he made remarkable progress. Besides these works, he tried to produce the alternating current motor. But he had failed and hoped that Edison could help him. He was very excited to immigrate to America for young Tesla in 28, while he brought nothing with him and only his dreams and ideas. He had taken a slave with him.
In the late 1880s, Edison started negative publicity against alternating current. He wanted to discredit Tesla, and he did everything moral and immoral.
The difference between Edison’s invention and Tesla’s invention was as if Edison had invented the switch and Tesla had invented the car!
Due to the pressure drop, direct current needed masts every two kilometers, but alternating current did not need masts close to each other due to the increase and decrease of voltage, and this happened through wiring, also in alternating current. The need for wiring with thick copper wires was underground, but thinner wires used in alternating current and used on top of masts, and the system proposed by Tesla was 75% more economical.
Edison fueled the misconception that people had and said that if alternating current used in homes, it will kill everyone after 6 months, and people said that they would not let these evil energies into the home, considering the misconceptions.
Edison’s fans held demonstrations and transferred the issue to the government, and most of the journalists who were in favor of Edison and came behind him.
Edison’s team put on a terrible show by connecting electric current to animals in public view, trying to destroy the public’s mentality towards alternating current. They killed innocent dogs, cats, as well as horses and elephants. They put a cage and connected the electric current to it, which killed the animals, and they told people that if the alternating current comes to your house, this disaster would happen to you. They named this work Westinghouse, for example, when a horse He killed by electrocution, they said he became Westinghouse.

Westinghouse and Tesla paid no attention to this, and when Edison tried to destroy Westinghouse, they were working on alternating current.
Edison’s other action was that he used alternating current to execute prisoners sentenced to death.
William Kemmler was the first person to be executed by electric current in the electric chair. This work had many opponents, one of the opponents was the Westinghouse company, which tried to prevent this from happening, and even a court was formed for this, where Edison testified that high voltage can cause the death of a person, but no one knew what to do for a painless death. A voltage must be used. Finally, it was decided to use an electric chair.
On the day of the sentence, the prisoner sat on a chair and became motionless after connecting the 1000 volt electricity. Contrary to what people thought, he was still alive, and they connected him to a 2000 volt electric current. Finally, it took 8 minutes for his body parts to be burned and destroyed, and this was considered a form of torture.
In 1893, an exhibition was being held in Chicago. This exhibition was the first world festival that was supposed to be lit with electricity, and the authorities invested in holding it.
The first supplier candidate was the Edison company. He had offered one million and seven hundred thousand dollars to hold this exhibition. Westinghouse and Tesla had made great progress and the amount offered was much lower than Edison’s. But in the end, Westinghouse won the bid with $500,000. Instead, Edison announced that selling his lamps to the exhibition is prohibited. Tesla and Westinghouse invented new lamps, and finally Edison suffered the final defeat.
This exhibition was so popular that the President of the United States personally attended this exhibition to witness the lighting of the exhibition by the Westinghouse Company. After the exhibition was lit by the president, the platforms were shining with light. Finally, Nikola Tesla won the war of currents.

The force of Niagara Falls

After a meeting between Nikola Tesla and Lord Clevin, who at that time was the head of an organization whose purpose was to harness the power of Niagara Falls and believed that the power of alternating current should not be used, his opinion changed completely and together they came to the conclusion that the enormous power of the falls use to produce electricity. Tesla’s task was to produce generators that were being built for the first time in the world.
In 1896, this system was put into operation. The water pressure would turn the turbines and it would be taken to remote areas using lines. After 4 years, the wires were stretched 600 kilometers and were taken to New York City, and then from there electricity was taken to the whole of America and then to the whole world.
Now, after 30 years, Tesla had achieved his dream, the dream he had as a teenager had now come true. The 20th century had begun with a lot of changes.
After that, Tesla established his company under the name of Nikola Tesla Company and started to implement his ideas in his personal laboratory. After the Westinghouse company ran into financial problems and the financial and economic conditions of the American markets brought it to the brink of destruction.
After the great popularity of Tesla, everyone wanted to meet him because he was now a rich, single young man with a mind full of new ideas. Meanwhile, he met Mark Twain, which we will talk about later.
To create a better electric current, Tesla had invented a device called an oscillator, which he called the earthquake machine because it made a lot of noise. Tesla used this device to treat diseases. According to himself, he cured many of his diseases by using electricity. Tesla had treated Mark Twain’s intestinal diseases and digestive problems with this device.

Tesla’s ethics and appearance

Tesla was very popular at that time because of its special cover. He wears very clean and ironed clothes with white gloves and a hat.
He was not interested in marriage, his love was his inventions, and he was of the opinion that important inventions were not made by married people. He slept very little, the maximum time he rested and slept was 3 hours, he walked 12 kilometers every day and cared about sports.
He cared about his health and nutrition and ate dairy products and vegetables for a long time. He was a vegetarian for half of his life.
Tesla had certain behaviors in terms of personality, and he cared obsessively about his clothing and cleanliness, he did not like touching objects and people, and he hated women’s jewelry, especially earrings, and also touching hair. He hated women, that’s why he didn’t have a partner until the end of his life.

What is known today as wireless radio, and Tesla’s creative mind was stuck with this, finally succeeded in making the Tesla coil, which we use in many devices today. The Tesla coil is a tool for generating high current electricity with low voltage. And also alternating electricity.
The example of this device, which is the Tesla coil, was made by the scientific team of Zem Group:

Click on the picture below to see how the Tesla Coil works on the YouTube channel:

This coil was used in lighting, electrotherapy and even x-ray production before the German physicist Roentgen recorded the discovery of this ray in his own name. Tesla was able to take the first images from his hand while working with high frequencies. give After this he gave warnings about the dangers of using X-rays. He also sent the result of his work to Roentgen, but he never published it, and finally the invention was registered under Roentgen’s name.
Another invention was to turn on a vacuum lamp without connecting it with a wire to the coil. This was the first proof that it is possible to transmit electricity without wires and through the air, and it was the beginning of an adventurous story that he was involved in until the end of his life. He was of the opinion that this invention can give comfort and convenience to all the people of the world. Although before Tesla, Herrick Hertz, a German scientist, had succeeded in making a radio transmitter and receiver, he had proved that it is possible to flow from a source and a destination without The wire transferred.
After many experiments, Tesla realized that if the coils were set to vibrate at the same frequency, they could send and receive radio waves. He could send a force equal to one million volts with his conical coil. He was ready to do this when a fire in his laboratory prevented him. At the same time as Tesla, Markeni was testing radio communications and it was possible that he would succeed in patenting it earlier than Tesla, so he set up a new laboratory as soon as possible and finally registered the invention of radio in his own name.
After that, Tesla made a small mechanical boat and controlled it wirelessly with a device. This was so strange to people that they thought someone was driving it inside the boat.
The idea of ​​making it was that this device can end military wars. Tesla’s other idea was the Telofarth beam, which was discussed after his death because he believed that this beam could be strong enough to destroy an army from a distance, but unfortunately, it has not been exploited until now.

Colorado Lab

Colorado Laboratory In a laboratory that was built on a high place outside the city, he had built a device that was a transmitter of magnetic waves, and its purpose was to control the energy of lightning and the energies in the atmosphere, as well as to dominate the forces of nature. There was an antenna with a height of 48 meters next to the laboratory, and at the top of it was a copper wire that established the connection between the coil and the device.
In that laboratory, two other things were done, one of which was that Tesla went 6 kilometers away from the test site, inserted a light bulb into the ground, and after pulling the lever, wireless communication was established through the ground and the light bulb was lit. The second was the creation of artificial lightning. After connecting the current, a lot of sparks started to fly from the coil and an ear-splitting sound like the sound of an explosion was produced.
Outside the lab, the same thing happened to that antenna and copper ball. The sparks rose up to a height of 30 meters from the copper sphere, and no animal could be seen within a radius of 30 kilometers, and all of them had fled, people were afraid and said that he was the devil and was fighting with God.
After these events, he wanted to build a device and some masts to generate high pressure electricity and send it to the whole planet for free and wirelessly.
He presented an article entitled solar electricity production by masts and also climate control by electrical energy. According to his inventions and knowledge, Tesla was able to make predictions. These predictions were about mobile phones, the Internet, and the formation of the global village.
In 1900, he went to Long Island with the capital he got from Morgan and started building Warden Cliff Tower.
This tower was made of wood with a height of 57 meters and was sunk 57 meters underground. However, this project did not progress and he explained his idea to Morgen, but he ended this work because it was not profitable for him. And no one invested to continue the work. The United States Patent Office named this invention after Marconi because he had the support of Morgan and Edison. Although forty years later they reconsidered their work and registered it in the name of Tesla, but it was useless because Tesla was no longer alive.
This work delayed the emergence of the age of communication for a century. The mast was destroyed and Tesla was able to settle part of its debts by selling its waste.
Although at the age of 50, he invented a turbo engine with a power of 200 horsepower and the first air friction meter, but the failure in the previous project had weakened his spirit and he fell into depression, he turned away from all the people in the world and had no contact with anyone.

In 1909, Markeni won the Nobel Prize, and Tesla’s displeasure turned into anger. After this incident, he filed a lawsuit against Markeni’s company, but could not prove it.
In 1917, he received an honorary medal named Edison! This medal was presented to him by the American Institute of Electronic Engineers at the age of 63 to honor Tesla. But Tesla did not go to that party.
In 1924, Albert Einstein attracted the attention of the world with his theory of relativity, and Tesla wrongly questioned this theory. In 1931, Edison passed away and he was honored by the world on his 75th birthday, and his photo was on the cover of Time magazine. It was printed.
During the Nazi war, he proposed the theory of Teleforth again and wanted to end this war by inventing it.
At the age of 83, he had an accident with a taxi, and at that time Westinghouse paid for his housing and living expenses and received a pension from Yugoslavia.

The death of Tesla

Nikola Tesla died at the age of 87 in the New Yorker Hotel. The cause of his death was a heart artery blockage.
5 months after Tesla’s death, the radio patent granted to Marcini was canceled by the Patent Society and granted to Tesla.
After Tesla’s death, the FBI confiscated his property and kept all his research and inventions. After 9 years, his nephew managed to transfer his property to his hometown, Yugoslavia.

 

Look around you wherever you are. Everything you see is information that is shown to you by light.

What is light and how is created?

There are several theories about how light formed to see together: Imagine if there was no light, you could not see anything! Worse, there was no life on earth.

 Newton’s theory:

Newton imagined light as a line, which happened to have reflection, and he believed that light made up of small particles and shines from a light source. By proving this theory, problems related to lenses and mirrors can solved.

Huygens theory:

Huygens also believed that light is in the form of waves with which we can understand the type of color and wavelength decomposition.

Planck’s theory:

He assumed that light is composed of tiny packets called photons. Every source and body has molecular conditions and every molecule has energy, energy forms heat and heat creates radiation, as a result, the sum of energy, heat and radiation form the frequency, since every molecule is an electron. Yes, the movement of electrons that have an electric charge is in a rotational movement in the layers around the atom that creates energy and an electric field, and when they move, they generate energy in a rotational motion.

Light itself is an electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is between 380 and 750 nm and is easily seen by the eye.

What is light made of?

Let us find out about it together:

Light also has an invisible form, such as infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, radio waves, etc. The electromagnetic spectrum is very wide, visible light is not much different from invisible light; the only difference is that we can see visible light with our eyes, but it’s not invisible light!

A visible light that we can see is a very small part of this electromagnetic spectrum. The wave less than about 400 nm is called ultraviolet and more than 700 nm is infrared, which unfortunately or fortunately cannot be seen.

The aurora passes through the earth’s atmosphere and has a noticeable reduction, which causes all the radiation whose wavelength is less than 290 nm to be filtered before reaching the earth.

Before we talk about light, know that photons are also small packets found in light.

Now we want to talk about how light is formed:

The nature of light is that it is an electromagnetic beam made up of photons, when it shines on objects it makes us see everything around us.

When photons flow, they produce a wave that is equal to the speed of light produced. Photon is the smallest unit of measurement of energy that can be moved and can be in the form of particles or waves, and these applications are used in the field of optics and photonics in addition to lighting.

What makes electromagnetic waves different is the wavelength. The energy level of photons is indicated by the Greek letter lambda λ according to their wavelength.

Photon energy is directly proportional to the frequency of the photon, but it is inversely proportional to the wavelength. The frequency is also measured by the number of cycles or the same wavelength per second.

Light is measured by the intensity value, and the more photons, the greater the wave amplitude. The figure below shows photons that have the same wavelength (λ), frequency and energy, but their intensity is different. Amplitude is a quantitative characteristic of light, while wavelength determines the nature of light qualitatively.

Which wave spectrum do plants need?

Which waves are useful for humans and which waves are harmful?

The waves of the electromagnetic spectrum are divided into two large categories depending on the energy of the wave, and whether or not they are harmful to human health:

Ionizing radiation and non- ionizing radiation

Nonionizing radiation (ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays) has enough energy in one photon to separate electrons from atoms or break chemical bonds. That’s why X-rays are pulse wave type, which means they are used for a short period of time, and when they want to take images in the dental office, they use a special vest or it is recommended that we use sunscreen when we are exposed to sunlight. Let’s use it, because there is the end of the visible light spectrum of ultraviolet rays, which is one of the ionizing radiations and destroys living tissues.

Energy saving lamps are one of the most widely used types of lamps in the world. These lamps have more advantages than incandescent lamps and other types of lamps due to their low energy consumption and long lifespan. However, the use of mercury in the structure of energy-saving lamps can become a threat to human health, especially when these lamps break.

Damage caused by breaking a low-energy light bulb

Breaking a low-energy light bulb can lead to the release of mercury into the environment. Mercury is a toxic substance that can harm human health. Among the damages caused by breaking a low-energy light bulb, the following can be mentioned:

• Mercury poisoning: This substance can damage the nervous system, kidneys and other organs of the body.
• Vision disorders:  Mercury can cause vision disorders such as cataracts.
• Anemia: its contact with the skin can cause anemia.
• Premature birth:  Mercury can increase the risk of premature birth.

Safety hazards 

Breaking a low-energy light bulb can also cause various safety hazards. Among these risks, the following can be mentioned:

• Damage caused by mercury vapor:  Mercury vapor can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat.
• Damages caused by broken glass:  broken glass of energy-saving lamps can cause skin wounds.

Protection solutions

To avoid damage caused by breaking a low-energy lamp, you must take the following precautions:

• Place energy-saving lamps in safe places out of the reach of children.
• In case of broken energy saving lamp, leave the place immediately and open the windows to let the mercury vapor escape.
• Use a mask and gloves to avoid contact with mercury vapor and broken glass.
• Do not use a vacuum cleaner to pick up broken glass.
• Clean the broken part of the lamp with a wet cloth.

Energy-saving lamps have many advantages, but the use of mercury in the structure of these lamps can become a threat to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to take necessary precautions while using energy-efficient lamps and take proper safety measures in case these lamps break.

 

The dangers and consequences of breaking a low-energy light bulb

The breaking of energy-saving lamps can cause serious harm to human health. Here are some important issues to consider when this happens:

Mercury poisoning

Mercury is a toxic substance that can harm human health. Each light bulb contains 5 mg of mercury. Breaking the light bulb releases mercury into the environment. Mercury vapor can be absorbed through the skin, lungs and digestive system. Mercury can damage the nervous system, kidneys, liver and other organs. Among the effects of mercury poisoning, the following can be mentioned:

• Nervous disorders: The release of mercury in the environment can cause malfunctions in the brain and the center of the body’s nervous system. These disorders can lead to problems such as memory loss, fatigue, depression and movement disorders.
• Vision disorders: It can also cause vision disorders. These disorders can lead to problems such as cataracts, reduced vision, and blindness.
• Fertility disorders: In addition, it can cause fertility disorders. It should be noted that if pregnant women are exposed to this toxic metal, they may experience disorders that lead to problems such as miscarriage, congenital abnormalities, and the birth of premature babies.

The dangers of UV

Energy-efficient lamps produce UV rays that can damage the skin. UV rays can cause wrinkles, spots and skin cancer. Proportionate use and limitation in proximity to moonlight lamps are important and reduce long-term effects on health.

fire

Reports indicate that energy-efficient light bulbs have caused fires, especially when the bulb was left on. Many lamps are not designed to work indoors. Therefore, the use of special lamps and the use of a safety switch are recommended for these cases.

Headaches and migraines

Using energy-saving lamps may cause some people to have headaches, nausea and migraines. People who work in environments with a lack of natural light may be sensitive to their colleagues who use moonlight lamps.

Solutions to prevent damage caused by breaking energy-saving lamps

To avoid damage caused by breaking energy-saving lamps, you should take the following precautions:

• Place energy-saving lamps in safe places out of the reach of children.
• In case of broken energy saving lamp, leave the place immediately and open the windows to let the mercury vapor escape.
• Use a mask and gloves to avoid contact with mercury vapor and broken glass.
• Do not use a vacuum cleaner to pick up broken glass.
• Clean the broken part of the lamp with a wet cloth.

How to dispose of low consumption lamps

Energy-saving lamps should not be disposed of with normal waste. These lamps must be delivered to special waste collection centers. Special waste collection centers dispose of low consumption lamps in safe and standard ways.

Immediate actions in case of breaking a low-energy lamp

Breaking a low-energy light bulb can pose risks to people’s health and safety. Therefore, if these bulbs break, you must take immediate and safety measures to avoid these hazards.

Immediate actions

• Ventilation of the environment: open the windows immediately to ventilate the environment. If the ventilation device or fan is active, turn them off.
• Turn off the lamp: If the lamp is broken while on, turn it off immediately to avoid the risk of electric shock or fire.
• Leaving the place:  Do not stay in the place for at least 15 minutes to avoid inhaling mercury vapor.

next actions

• Collecting glass and mercury: After at least 15 minutes, you can collect broken glass and mercury. For this, use gloves and a mask.
• Cleaning the area:  Clean the fracture area using a wet towel and a solution of soap and water.
• Replacing the lamp:  After collecting the glass and mercury and cleaning the place, replace the broken lamp with a new one.

Conclusion

• In case of broken energy saving lamp, you should take necessary measures as soon as possible to avoid possible dangers.
• Mercury vapor in energy-saving lamps can be harmful to human health. Therefore, you should avoid inhaling mercury vapor if these lamps break.
• Use gloves and a mask to collect broken glass and mercury.
• After collecting the lamp and mercury glass, clean the broken place using a damp cloth and a solution of soap and water.
• One of the effective solutions to prevent the risks of breaking a low-energy lamp is to use a metal halogen frame. These frames prevent the release of mercury in the environment and reduce the risk of fire.

Preservation of the environment and human health is of great importance. Choosing safe and smart solutions can help this goal. The use of energy-efficient lamps, following safety precautions, can help reduce energy consumption and protect the environment. Also, the use of a metal halogen frame can minimize the risks of breaking low-energy lamps.

• Energy-saving lamps have many advantages, but the use of mercury in their structure can create risks for human health and safety.
• If an energy-efficient light bulb breaks, you must take immediate action to prevent mercury emissions and fire hazards.
• Using a metal halogen frame can be a safe and effective solution to prevent the risks of breaking low-energy lamps.

To get more information and use ZEM Group’s products, you can refer to the site and use advanced technologies to protect buildings and residential houses to protect your health against possible risks. Also, taking care of the environment is one of our first priorities, and choosing safe and smart solutions can help this goal