Category Articles

Standard SCHUKO socket installation in residential units is of great importance, as this process not only ensures the safety of the residents but also provides easy access to electrical sources. If the arrangement is not correct, the use of three-way adapters becomes necessary. According to Chapter 13 of the National Regulations, the following points must be observed:

Number of SCHUKO Sockets: The number of SCHUKO sockets in each room should be arranged in a way that provides easy access to electricity. After the entrance to the unit, the first SCHUKO socket should be installed within a maximum of 1.5 meters. After installing the first SCHUKO socket, the next socket should be installed within a maximum of 3 meters. The distance between sockets should not exceed 3 meters, but based on the needs, SCHUKO sockets can also be installed at a distance of 1.5 to 2 meters. The most important point to consider is that doors and windows starting from the floor are not included in the calculation. This standard is set to prevent excessive use of additional electrical cables and three-way adapters. Additionally, at least one SCHUKO socket should be installed on each wall.

SCHUKO Socket Installation Locations: SCHUKO sockets should be installed in locations that allow easy use and minimize potential hazards. In living rooms, SCHUKO sockets should be placed near the main furniture. In kitchens, SCHUKO sockets should be installed near the work surface and away from sinks and water sources. In bathrooms, SCHUKO sockets should be at least 60 cm away from showers or bathtubs.

Types of SCHUKO Sockets: SCHUKO sockets should be selected based on the different needs and the environment of installation. In wet environments like bathrooms and kitchens, it is recommended to use waterproof SCHUKO sockets. Additionally, in environments where children are present, it is advisable to use safety SCHUKO sockets with protective covers.

Installation and Maintenance of SCHUKO Sockets: SCHUKO socket installation should be carried out by qualified and experienced professionals to ensure correct and safe installation. Periodic maintenance and inspection of SCHUKO sockets are important to ensure their proper functioning and prevent potential hazards. Any malfunction or damage to SCHUKO sockets should be repaired immediately to prevent accidents. The use of protective equipment such as fuses and residual current devices (RCD) also contributes to greater safety.

Compliance with Local Regulations and Laws: In every country and region, there are specific regulations and laws for the installation and use of SCHUKO sockets that must be followed. These regulations are typically set by government organizations and national standards. For example, in Iran, the Iranian National Standard (ISIRI) is used, while in European countries, IEC standards are followed, and in the United States, the NEC standards are in place. Adhering to these regulations is essential to ensure the safety and efficiency of electrical systems.

The installation of wall and ceiling lights plays a crucial role in lighting design, as it can create various effects and illuminate spaces in different ways. Choosing the right angle not only enhances brightness and clarity but also contributes to the ambiance and atmosphere of the space.

The Importance of Installation Angle in Lighting

Due to their structure and function, wall and ceiling lights significantly affect both interior and exterior lighting design. The installation angle of these lights determines how light is distributed within a space. A well-planned angle can create a pleasant and functional environment, whereas an incorrect or improper angle may lead to unwanted shadows or glare, reducing both the effectiveness and appeal of the lighting.

The Impact of Wall Light Installation Angle on Lighting

Wall lights are often used to provide indirect or accent lighting in various spaces. Their installation angle significantly influences the shape and direction of light cast on walls and surrounding surfaces.

Direct Downward Angle

One of the most common angles for wall light installation is a direct downward angle. Here, light shines directly from top to bottom, making it ideal for hallways, entryways, and tall walls. This angle enhances the sense of depth and height in an interior space, giving walls a formal and elegant appearance.

Additionally, a direct downward angle ensures uniform illumination while preventing unnecessary shadows. This lighting method is particularly suitable for highlighting architectural elements such as arches, columns, and high walls.

Direct Upward Angle

Another popular installation angle is the direct upward angle, where light is projected toward the ceiling. This creates a soft, indirect lighting effect that fosters a cozy and relaxing ambiance. It prevents harsh shadows and glare, providing a smooth, gentle illumination.

This angle is especially useful in relaxation areas, living rooms, and bedrooms, offering soft and consistent lighting suitable for unwinding or reading. It is also ideal for displaying textured or colored walls, as it enhances their depth and detail.

Angled Upward or Downward

In certain spaces, wall lights can be installed at an angle (typically around 45 degrees) either upward or downward to produce unique lighting effects.

• Angled upward lighting is excellent for illuminating artwork, paintings, or sculptures on a wall. It casts soft light onto the artwork without creating harsh shadows, making the piece stand out.
• Angled downward lighting is more suitable for areas like staircases, work desks, or focal points that require concentrated lighting.

Multi-Angle (Combined Lighting)

In some spaces, using wall lights at multiple angles can create dynamic and layered lighting effects. For example, combining upward and downward angles on a single wall can result in a multidimensional lighting arrangement.

This type of lighting is commonly used in commercial spaces and galleries, enhancing depth and movement while directing attention to specific areas. Multi-angled lighting allows designers to highlight architectural details and create visually striking environments.

The Impact of Ceiling Light Installation Angle on Lighting

Ceiling lights, as the primary source of illumination in interior spaces, come in various designs and angles. The choice of installation angle depends on the function of the space and the desired lighting effect.

Direct Downward Angle

A direct downward angle is one of the most common installation methods for ceiling lights, commonly used in offices, workspaces, and kitchens. In this setup, light projected straight down, creating strong and focused illumination ideal for tasks requiring high brightness.

This angle is also beneficial in commercial spaces such as retail stores, where direct and concentrated light enhances product visibility and highlights details effectively.

Indirect (Concealed) Lighting

In some environments, ceiling lights installed to provide indirect or concealed lighting. This setup prevents direct glare and offers a soft, pleasant glow. It used in living rooms and bedrooms to create a soothing atmosphere.

Indirect lighting is typically integrated into false ceilings or ceiling edges, adding a luxurious and elegant touch to a space. It is also popular in hotels and restaurants, where a warm and inviting ambiance is desired.

Focused or Spot Lighting

In spaces, requiring emphasis on specific details—such as galleries and museums—installing ceiling lights at a focused or spotlight angle can draw attention to particular objects. This setup directs concentrated beams of light onto exhibits or décor elements, enhancing their visual impact.

Spotlighting is ideal for accentuating interior design features, sculptures, and artwork. It also used in commercial spaces to highlight premium products and attract customer attention.

Wide or Diffused Angle

In some cases, a wide, diffused lighting approach is necessary to illuminate large spaces. Ceiling lights installed at a wide angle help distribute light uniformly across the entire area, preventing unwanted shadows.

This angle is especially useful in large living rooms, offices, and conference halls, ensuring balanced brightness throughout the space. It is also beneficial in environments that require consistent illumination, such as educational facilities or co-working spaces.

Installation Angle and Its Effect on Shadows

One critical aspect of the installation angle of wall and ceiling lights is its influence on shadow formation. The way light is angled determines whether shadows appear soft and natural or harsh and distracting.

• In rooms requiring a soft and open feel, indirect or diffused angles minimize shadows and create a more spacious atmosphere.
• Conversely, in accent lighting (such as spotlights), shadows can add depth and drama, enhancing the visual appeal of objects.

The installation angle of wall and ceiling lights significantly affects light distribution and quality, ultimately shaping the mood and functionality of a space. Choosing the appropriate angle based on the specific needs of an area—while balancing direct and indirect lighting—helps create an aesthetically pleasing, functional, and comfortable environment.

Proper lighting requires attention to detail and awareness of technical aspects. Choosing suitable lighting equipment can significantly enhance the aesthetics of a space while also improving consciousness and physical health. Quality lighting not only creates a comfortable and attractive environment but also positively impacts well-being.

Section 1: The Importance of Lighting and Its Impact on Spaces

Proper lighting directly affects quality of life. It can add energy to a space, create a sense of relaxation, and even improve focus and productivity. Studies have shown that proper lighting enhances mood, improves alertness, and fosters a sense of safety. For example, cool white light (high color temperature) mimics natural light and enhances awareness and mental clarity, making it ideal for workspaces such as offices and kitchens. In contrast, warm light (low color temperature) is better suited for living spaces like bedrooms and living rooms, as it promotes relaxation and comfort.

Section 2: Types of Lighting Equipment and Their Applications

Lighting equipment is categorized based on their applications and the type of space they illuminate. Below are some of the most common types:

1. Ceiling Lights (Pendant Lights & Chandeliers)

• Application: Installed in large, open spaces and high ceilings, such as living rooms, dining rooms, and lobbies.
• Buying Tips: Choose a chandelier size proportional to the room’s dimensions. In small rooms, opt for simple designs, while in larger rooms, more elaborate classic chandeliers may be suitable.

2. Wall Lights

• Application: Used for accent or ambient lighting in hallways, near mirrors, or to highlight artworks.
• Buying Tips: Select models with adjustable brightness to create a pleasant atmosphere and avoid excessive glare.

3. Desk and Reading Lamps

• Application: Designed for reading, computer work, or detailed tasks requiring focused illumination.
• Buying Tips: Choose lamps with adjustable brightness and directional heads to optimize light intensity as needed.

4. Recessed and Surface-Mounted Lights

• Application: Commonly used in modern, minimalist spaces, installed in ceilings, walls, or floors.
• Buying Tips: When selecting recessed lights, ensure they are compatible with ceiling or wall thickness and that installation is done correctly.

5. Switches and Sockets

Switches and sockets, although small details in interior design, play a crucial role in both aesthetics and functionality. Here are some key points to consider when choosing them:

Design & Aesthetics

• Designer switches and sockets can serve as decorative elements.
• Choosing the right design and color can help harmonize them with the overall interior style and enhance visual appeal.

Compatibility with Interior Design

• Depending on the decor style (modern, classic, industrial, etc.), select switches and sockets with appropriate designs.
• Well-chosen switches and sockets create a sense of coherence within the space.

Safety & Durability

• High-quality switches and sockets increase electrical safety.
• In moist environments like bathrooms or kitchens, use water-resistant models designed specifically for such conditions.

Personalization & Customization

• Unique switch and socket designs add personality to a space and distinguish it from standard interiors.
• These choices can reflect the homeowner’s taste and style, creating a customized and sophisticated atmosphere.

Section 3: Key Features to Consider When Choosing Lighting Equipment

Several factors determine the efficiency, durability, and aesthetic appeal of lighting fixtures. Here are the most critical ones:

1. Build Quality and Materials

• The material of the fixture directly impacts durability and longevity.

• For outdoor lighting, choose materials like brass, which is resistant to moisture and sunlight.

2. Type of Bulb and Energy Consumption

• LED Bulbs: These are highly energy-efficient, long-lasting, and widely used in most lighting fixtures.
• Fluorescent and Halogen Bulbs: While they offer good brightness, halogen bulbs produce excess heat and are less energy-efficient, making them unsuitable for small or enclosed spaces.

3. Color Temperature & Color Rendering Index (CRI)

• Color Temperature (Measured in Kelvin):
• Lower temperatures (2700K – 3500K): Produce warm, yellowish light, ideal for relaxation areas.
• Higher temperatures (5000K – 6500K): Mimic daylight, best for workspaces and kitchens.
• Color Rendering Index (CRI):
• Measures how accurately colors appear under the light source.
• A CRI above 90 is recommended for spaces like bathrooms and kitchens, where color accuracy is crucial.

4. Brightness (Measured in Lumens)

• Higher lumens = Brighter light.
• Choose brightness levels based on the room’s size and function.

5. IP Rating (Ingress Protection) – Resistance to Moisture & Dust

• If installing lights in bathrooms or kitchens, check the IP rating for moisture resistance.
• For wet environments, an IP rating above 65 is recommended.

Section 4: Choosing the Right Lighting for Different Spaces

1. Living Room & Reception Areas

• Use a mix of lighting sources to create a warm, inviting atmosphere.
• Chandeliers or pendant lights serve as the main light source.
• Floor lamps or wall sconces add ambient lighting.

2. Kitchen

• Use cool white lights with high brightness to enhance visibility.
• Recessed ceiling lights and under-cabinet lighting improve task lighting.

3. Bedroom

• Warm, dimmable lights help create a relaxing ambiance.
• Bedside lamps or wall-mounted reading lights provide focused illumination.

4. Bathroom

• Choose moisture-resistant fixtures.
• Install soft, shadow-free lighting around mirrors for even illumination.

5. Outdoor Spaces (Gardens, Pathways, Patios)

• Use weather-resistant outdoor lights to enhance security and aesthetics.
• Wall-mounted or pathway lights improve visibility in open spaces.

Network cables serve as one of the most critical components in communication systems and computer networks, playing a key role in data transfer between various devices. With the evolution of technologies and the growing need for swift and reliable data transmission, a diverse range of network cables has been introduced to the market. This article delves into a detailed examination of different network cable types, their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each type and their applications.

1. Twisted Pair Cables

Twisted pair cables are one of the most common and oldest types of network cables used for data transmission in local area networks (LANs). These cables consist of several pairs of copper wires twisted together to reduce noise and electromagnetic interference.

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Cables

UTP cables are the most common type of network cables that do not have any additional shielding to prevent electromagnetic interference. These cables are very popular in home and small office networks due to their low cost and easy installation.

UTP Cable features:

• Affordable price :The price of UTP cables is more affordable compared to other types of cables, and for this reason, they are very popular in small projects.

• Easy installation :The small diameter of these cables, their flexibility, make installation in various environments easy.

• Distance limit :They usually have a good performance up to distances of about 100 meters, and in longer distances, they need a booster.

UTP Cable applications:

• Local Area Networks (LANs)

• Home networks

• Telephone systems

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) Cables

STP cables, like UTP cables, have twisted pairs of wires, but their difference is the presence of a shielding layer for each pair of wires, which prevents the effects of external noise and electromagnetic interference. These cables are used in industrial environments and places where there is a lot of electronic equipment.

STP Cable Features:

• Better Noise Protection: The shields in STP cable prevent the entry of external noise and interference.

• Application in Noisy Environments: For environments with high electromagnetic noise (such as factories and industrial centers), this cable is a suitable choice.

STP Cable Applications:

• Industrial environments and factories

• Noise-sensitive networks

• Large infrastructures

FTP (Foiled Twisted Pair) Cables

Another type of twisted pair cables is FTP cables, in which a layer of metal foil is wrapped around all the pairs to protect against electromagnetic interference. These cables can also be used in environments with high electromagnetic interference.

2. Coaxial Cables

Coaxial cables were popular for computer networks in past decades and are still used in television and radio communication systems. These cables consist of a central conductor covered with an insulating layer and a metal layer that acts as a shield.

• Radio communications

• Older computer networks

3. Fiber Optic Cables

Fiber optic cables are the newest and most advanced type of network cables that use thin strands of glass or plastic instead of copper wires.
Information is transmitted in these cables in the form of light pulses, which significantly increases the speed and quality of data transmission.

Fiber Optic Cable Features:

• Very High Speed: These cables can transmit data at a much higher speed than copper cables.

• Noise Immunity: Fiber optic cables are not affected by electromagnetic noise at all.

• Long Transmission Distance: These cables are capable of transmitting data over very long distances (up to hundreds of kilometers) without the need for amplifiers.

Types of Fiber Optic Cables:

• Single-Mode Fiber Optic: This type of cable is used for data transmission over very long distances (even up to several hundred kilometers).

• Multi-Mode Fiber Optic: This type of cable is used for shorter distances and more common applications such as local networks.

Fiber Optic Cable Applications:

• High-speed internet infrastructures

• Intercity and international communication networks

• Data centers

• Telecommunication systems

4. Crossover Cables

Crossover cables are a special type of twisted-pair cables that are used to directly connect two similar devices. In this type of cable, some of the wires inside the cable are connected in a cross pattern so that the two devices can communicate with each other without the need for a switch or hub.

Crossover Cable Applications:

• Direct connection of two computers

• Connection of two routers or switches

• Direct connection between two similar devices

5. Network Cables Cat5, Cat6, and Cat7

Network cables are usually classified based on specific standards, which include Cat5, Cat6, and Cat7. Each of these cables is designed for a specific speed and bandwidth.

a) Cat5 Cables

Transfer speed: Up to 100 Mbps

Bandwidth: Up to 100 MHz

Applications: Small home and office networks

b) Cat6 Cables

Transfer speed: Up to 10 Gbps over short distances

Bandwidth: Up to 250 MHz

Applications: Larger and professional networks

c) Cat7 Cables

Transfer speed: Up to 10 Gbps

Bandwidth: Up to 600 MHz

Applications: Infrastructure of very large networks and data centers

Conclusion

Due to the wide variety of network cables, choosing the right cable depends on the network needs, usage environment, and project budget. For small home and office networks, twisted-pair cables (UTP and STP) are very suitable options. In contrast, for larger and high-speed projects, fiber optic cables are considered the best option.

The best designs of switches and sockets in 2022:

 small details and accessories always complete a large space, especially in the decoration of houses.

And the same goes for small, practical gadgets that you may not even think about, or may not always be aware of, but undoubtedly use every day. We are talking about luxury switches and sockets.

Think of your switches and sockets as home jewelry.

You might feel like you’re missing something when you leave the house without makeup or your favorite necklace around your neck, but when you put on your favorite necklace, you’ll instantly feel more refreshed and empowered. The same can be said about a house. Standard white switches and sockets may make the space look boring or ordinary. But replace them with a sleek black metal panel that’s neat and flush with the wall, and suddenly you’ll have a very stylish space, and your home will thank you for it.

In this article, we are going to introduce the best switch and socket designs in 2022. Stay with us until the end of this article.

Switch and sockets with special design

Most people tend to use the latest models and stylish designs for home appliances and accessories, which make the environment and modern interior decoration at home more beautiful.

For those people who are looking for modern and luxurious things, screw sockets are among the models that have become very popular among people these days and are among the best-selling models in 2022.

This category of luxury switches and sockets were presented to the market in beautiful colors and designs, which are suitable for modern buildings and houses.

Double one-way switches and sockets with classic design

If you are not eager to buy the latest and most up-to-date model with advanced technology, but you want to make the appearance of your home stylish and beautiful, we suggest you to choose classic model switches and sockets.

Double one way switches and sockets are among the oldest switch sockets, but they are still used and popular among buyers.

These types of switches and sockets have different designs, colors and materials and are available in the market.

Multi-purpose switches and sockets

Some electronic equipment manufacturing companies use the socket more by adding USB inputs.

The addition of this feature has made the switch sockets more useful and there is no need to occupy electrical sockets anymore, and you can easily use these ports.

This model of switches and sockets has allowed you to bring a digital space to your home.

Choosing the best switches and sockets suitable for home decoration Switches and sockets are elements that may be overlooked at best. If you think about them daily, it is because their situation was not well planned when designing the space and you are looking for them all over the room when it should be the other way around.

 ZEM Group’s main recommendation for placing switches and sockets is to consider what uses it will have for the rooms and space of your home. Choosing switches and sockets with neutral colors and designs such as white, chrome or brown can be a basis for successful combination with any decoration style.

 We can also give personality by changing the colors according to the rooms and put the frame in a different color than the plug or switch. Location of switches and sockets in houses Do you know where is the best place to place switches and sockets? 

It is recommended to always place the sockets at 30 cm from the ground. Electric switches should be placed at a height of 1.10 meters from the ground and 15 cm from the door frame.

In this article from the ZEM Group website, we will examine the 4 main factors in smart building lighting

Intelligent lighting of the facade of the building means to control and monitor the lighting of the facade of the building automatically. This is done through sensors and control systems. By using smart lighting, energy consumption can be greatly reduced, building security can be created and the appearance of the building can be changed as desired.
Smart facade lighting has many advantages, including:

The main advantages of smart facade lighting

• Energy saving: By using smart lighting, energy consumption can be greatly reduced.
• Creating more security: Smart lighting can help create more security in the building.
• Changing the appearance of the building: Smart lighting can change the appearance of the building as desired.

Intelligent lighting of the facade of the building means to control and monitor the lighting of the facade of the building automatically. This is done through sensors and control systems. By using smart lighting, energy consumption can be greatly reduced, building security can be created and the appearance of the building can be changed as desired.

The use of modern technologies in the intelligent lighting of the facade of the building

Mobile applications, other devices, or the Internet can be used to set the smart lighting of the building facade. In the first case, the mobile application acts as a user interface to control the lighting system. By activating the desired settings in the application, a signal is sent to the central system to apply that feature to the facade of the building. For example, by setting the time when the lights turn on and off in the application, these settings are applied to the lighting of the facade of the building, and the lights turn on and off at the same time.

In addition, with proper lighting management, you can have better control over the color and intensity of the lights. Therefore, an intelligent system that fits the needs of the building will have the highest level of performance.

Some of the advantages of smart lighting in the facade of the building

In addition to the ability to adjust according to the needs of the building, the smart lighting of the building facade has other advantages, including:

• More emphasis on beauty: Smart lighting can change the appearance of the building as desired and increase its beauty dramatically.
• More control and monitoring: Smart lighting provides the possibility of precise control and monitoring of the lighting of the facade of the building. This can help save energy and increase building security.
• Better access and greater comfort: Smart lighting makes it easier for people to access the building. Also, it can help create a safer and more comfortable space for people.
• Cost savings: Smart lighting can help save energy and building maintenance costs.

About more emphasis on beauty

Light has a great influence on the mood and emotions of people. Smart facade lighting automatically adjusts the amount of light during the day and night using sensors. During the day, it filters the light to prevent glare and at night, it increases the intensity of the light to enhance the beauty of the building facade. Therefore, smart lighting can have a positive effect on the people living in the building and the overall performance of the building.

More about control and monitoring

Smart lighting sensors are installed for various purposes, the most important of which is monitoring and controlling the lighting of the building facade. This control helps to save energy and increase the beauty of the building.

In smart lighting systems, it is possible to control and monitor all aspects of lighting, including the time the lights turn on and off, the level of brightness, the type of lighting, and even the color of the light. While non-smart lighting only allows you to turn the lights on and off.

About better and easier access with smart facade lighting

Smart lighting provides better accessibility for users. Users can adjust and manage the amount and intensity of lighting anywhere in the world through a mobile application or any other device using the Internet. Also, this system notifies the user if the lamps are damaged or burnt. Therefore, with access to the Internet, control and monitoring of lighting is done easily and in the shortest time.

About saving more money

In some cases, it may be necessary to turn off the facade lights for various reasons, such as saving energy or creating a safer space. The intelligent lighting system of the facade of the building provides the possibility to automatically or manually adjust the number of lights and their brightness. This can help reduce energy consumption and, as a result, reduce electricity costs.

What light is suitable for studying? Did you know that the intensity and radiation of light can affect your learning rate? Do you prefer yellow or white light for reading? Stay with us in this article to get answers to these questions

If you are a reader, you know better than anyone that to have a useful and effective study, you must first provide the right light for it, because the lack of proper light for reading can damage our eyes and even affect the amount of our learning. But before we ask ourselves what light is suitable for reading, let us introduce you to a few points!

Is yellow or white light suitable for studying?

Do you like yellow or white light? Which is better? This is a question that you may have asked many times, but not with the right answer! We can say with confidence that the bitterness of each of these two completely depends on your taste and habit. they do, the use and application of each of these completely depends on the taste and habit of people!

Does light affect learning?

We have mentioned many times in previous articles that each part of the house should receive a certain amount of light according to the activity that takes place there. The unit of light intensity required for each part of the house is called luxury. Experts have determined the light intensity required for activities in each part of the house as follows: for example, in the living room and reception room, 200 lux, bedroom 180 lux., kitchen 250 lux and light intensity required for educational environments between 300 and 500 lux. But even the intensity and amount of light radiation to perform any activity depends on the habit of the eye and the taste of the people, and it is not possible to have a general theory for this case.

According to the latest research conducted on a group of students, the lighting and proper lighting of the study environment has a direct effect on the students’ learning, concentration and calculations.

Pay attention to the direction of light, the best direction of light for reading is to shine on the book from the side and from top to bottom, the light should not shine directly on the page of the book and should not be reflected from the surface of the paper, because the reflection Direct light from the screen can damage the eyes.

Do not overdo the lighting intensity! As we mentioned, low light can damage your eyes, but high lighting also has this disadvantage, because high light causes glare, accuracy and focus on objects, which can also cause fatigue and damage to the eyes. become an eye

With natural light, reading becomes enjoyable!

There are many ways to provide the right light for studying! One of these ways is natural light. Look at the part of the house you have chosen to study, does it have large windows? If your answer is yes, it means you are lucky!

Having large windows in a room is always an advantage, especially if that room is a space for study, according to the research conducted, natural light is considered the best light for study, and in addition, it can make you feel refreshed and get rid of depression. Get away from you!

Of course, this does not mean that you should place your desk directly in front of the window, direct sunlight can cause serious damage to your body, it is enough to place the study desk in a place where there is a little light, the rest should be natural light. hand over If you want to cover the window, use silk and lace curtains, heavy and dark curtains absorb the light and prevent it from entering the house.

Natural light can satisfy your need for lighting for several hours of the day and night, but what can we do when the sun is gone and there is no natural light? We must go to artificial sources of light!

Reading light, the easiest way to get the best light

Artificial sources and lights compensate our need for lighting in the absence of the sun and natural light, especially if this lighting is for study, which requires a higher level than the usual and average lighting of the room. Here we mention some types of lights that are suitable for reading

Use halogen lights and chandeliers!

Chandeliers are always known as the central source of light, many people may not consider the chandelier as a suitable light source for studying, but these large pendant lights are also used to create suitable lighting for studying. Choose a chandelier for the central and main source of lighting for the room, and bring halogen lights next to it to achieve a soft and beautiful light with the spot light that spreads throughout the room. The use of halogen lights and chandeliers together creates different layers of lighting on the surface of the room, which can be very suitable for reading.

Reading lamp, always popular, always loved

It is impossible not to mention reading lights when talking about the right light for reading! These lights simply provide the right light and shine from top to bottom and obliquely to the page of the book. Reading lights are divided into 3 general categories, table lights, standing lights and wall lights!

If you like to read a little in your living room and dining room, put a standing lamp next to a soft and comfortable sofa! These lampshades provide you with a warm and cozy atmosphere.

Many people read a little before sleeping, if you are in this category, you can use bedside and wall lamps, these lamps have various models and designs and are found in modern and classic styles. You can use the lights that can rotate and direct the light to shine the light on any part of the book whenever you want.

Put desktop reading lights for the desk and writing, put them in the part of the table where you want light to shine on the work page and books! Reading lights occupy very little space from the surface of the table, when buying a reading light,
pay attention to their size and height. There are lights that allow you to shine the light on the table according to your taste and of course your needs.

Since childhood, this question has been in the minds of all of us, what are these colored balls on the wires for? What is their job and how are they thrown or placed on the top of the electricity tower and on the wires?
In this article, we are going to address these questions:
The use of marker balls on power lines dates back to the 1950s, when the US Federal Aviation Administration recognized a growing safety concern, which was aircraft collisions with transmission lines.
Balls on power wires are installed on high voltage power cables that are located at high altitudes. These colored plastic balls can often be seen on highways, in mountainous areas and valleys, on electric wires that pass overseas, lakes or rivers, and most importantly around airports.

The importance of using marker balls

Several theories have been proposed for the use of these balls:
The first theory is that these balls are installed on electrical wires for safety warning, to warn artificial birds when they are flying at low altitudes, such as helicopters and airplanes. Give the wires. Also, because the roads under the masts are very wide and there is a lot of traffic under them and the length of the wires increases and decreases due to heat and cold, these balls are placed on these wires so that they can be seen by passers-by.
The next theory is related to the distance between the masts. The distance between two masts is called span. When the span of the masts is short, hollow balls are used, and if the span is long, solid balls are used, which usually have a series of springs inside them. It happens that the wires connected between the two masts stand a little looser or give a so-called belly. If they are pulled to prevent the wires from standing loose, due to a small impact, these wires vibrate and cause disruption in the transmission system. And the wear of the wires becomes faster, so when the wires are stretched, some weights, which are balls, are attached to the wire to dampen and eliminate the vibrations.

Color the balls

The color used for the international standard is orange, and it was chosen because it is clear from long distances. However, other colors such as red, white, yellow and black are also used. White and bitter yellow colors are used around rivers and valleys, and orange and red colors are used on wide roads, and black is this color. It is in two hemispheres.

Constructors

The size of these balls varies from twenty inches to thirty-six inches and they weigh about 17 pounds (7.7 kg). In valleys and rivers and paths that end in deep water, their size cannot be less than 36 inches and 91 centimeters.
The smaller 20-inch (51 cm) cannons can only be installed on lines that are less than 50 feet (15 meters) above the ground or within 1,500 feet (about 485 meters) of an airport runway exit. The best material that can be used for these balls is fiberglass, but mainly aluminum is used and very high-quality coating colors that are resistant to sunlight and cold.

Installing the balls

These balls should be installed on the electric wire that has the highest height. In some cases, when there are several wires together at the highest point of the mast, the balls are installed on each wire in turn, maintaining the same standard distance of 200 feet. This method makes the weight of the balls evenly distributed throughout the wire.
So we found out what is the reason for putting the ball between the electric cables and what exactly are the use of these colored balls. It may be hard to believe that balls that look so small from a distance can prevent possible aerial collisions and damage to the structure of electric wires, but the fact is that the importance of using balls on electric wires is more important than what we think. It is much more.

In this article on the ZEM Group website, we will mention the methods of lighting in roof gardens and the effective element in beautifying the space.
Roof Garden is a space for relaxation, fun and gathering with loved ones. If you want to enjoy your roof garden at night, proper lighting plays an important role. In this article, we examine different methods of lighting the roof garden.
In addition to lighting, roof garden lighting can also help beautify the roof garden space. By using the right lighting, you can highlight certain features of your roof garden or create a calm and cozy atmosphere.

Roof garden lighting, beautiful nights to be together

A green and beautiful roof is a pleasant place for night time. Sufficient light in the green roof doubles its beauty and makes it safer to travel. Lighting is one of the most important parts of roof garden design. The type of lighting depends on factors such as the location of the spaces, the use of the roof space, the area of ​​the green roof, etc. The cost of lighting the roof garden is also a part of its design and implementation costs. In addition to the area and type of lights, the greater the variety in lighting, the higher the costs.

Types of roof garden lighting

In the pictures of roof gardens, we see different types of lighting. Some of these lights are on the walls, some are between the plants, and some are along the stairs. Lighting can add depth to a space or highlight an element. One of the most important reasons for lighting in the roof garden is to create safety and comfort in transportation. This is especially important for families with children. In the following, we will examine the types of lighting for each part of the roof garden.

Types of lighting for roof garden lighting

For roof garden lighting, different types of lighting are used, including:

• Wall and floor LED lights: These lights are available in different types, including ceiling, wall, floor, etc. lights.
• Wall and floor sensor lights: These lights are motion sensitive and turn on and off automatically.
• Types of lights and wall lamps: These lights can be used to illuminate paths, furniture and other elements of the roof garden.
• Light strings: Light strings can be used to create a beautiful and attractive effect in the roof garden.
• Buried or ground lights: These lights are placed in the ground and are used to illuminate plants, water features and other elements of the roof garden.
• Long and short pedestal lights: These lights can be used to illuminate a large area of ​​the roof garden.
• Under-stair lights: These lights are used to illuminate the path of the stairs.

How should the roof garden lighting be in each section?

The lighting of the roof garden should be appropriate to the form and use of its space. In small roof gardens, soft and dim lighting is enough. But in large roof gardens, the lighting should be such that the entire space of the roof garden is well lit.

Gazebo lighting and seating area
Gazebo lighting, seating area and next to furniture should be sufficient. Soft lights, spotlights and pergola ceiling lights are perfect for this. The lighting of these spaces should be such that the light does not hit people’s eyes directly. So, soft lights are better in this case. Some roof garden umbrellas also have lights that can illuminate the seating area.

Rooftop lighting, ways to light up stairs

In roof garden lighting, don’t forget the parts with different levels. To light up the stairs, you can use the following three methods:

• Burial lights: These lights are placed in the ground and create a soft and uniform light on the path of the stairs.
• Linear lights under the stairs: these lights are placed along the stairs and create a stronger and more focused light.
• Standing lights on the edge of the stairs: These lights are placed on the edge of the stairs and create a decorative and beautiful light.

Roof garden lighting, lighting up the space

To illuminate a part of the roof garden space, we need to place the lights at a distance from the floor so that their light can spread well. In this case, you can use long standing lights or light strings. Tall floor lamps create a stronger, more focused light, while string lights create a softer, more decorative light.

The dining table is a place for family members to gather, talk, and of course, it is a suitable space for doing some daily tasks such as doing the children’s homework, this space is relatively practical.
With a calculated and accurate lighting, your dining room can have a wonderful glow, the dining room is not only a place to serve food, it is a place where family members and friends gather, children and adults. They do assignments and projects on it. For this reason, this place needs a beautiful and of course functional lighting, in this article we will introduce you to pendant lights for dining room lighting.

Edison lamps for the dining table? It is possible?

Today, Edison lamps, these old lamps have returned to interior decoration and have become a trend, look at these lamps that are simply hung from the ceiling and provide a beautiful lighting on the dining table. These lamps have a lower price than other hanging lamps, and of course, they also give a casual and nostalgic atmosphere to your dining room.
A suitable chandelier for large kitchens
Do you have a large kitchen? Do you have an island and a separate dining table? Look at this lovely kitchen…use matching pendant lights to maintain order and harmony in your environment. In this design, they have used a larger lamp for lighting on the dining table and a smaller one for lighting on the island.

Add some color to the room

Do you want to add some color to the decoration? Choose a colored pendant light… Choose the color of the chandelier you want to match the color of your decoration, a little rich or pale. In this lovely design, the ceiling is decorated with a colored ceiling lamp, and a table lamp is used on the table next to it.

Metal lights are also a good idea

Not everyone is a fan of using colored chandeliers, so if you feel more comfortable with metal chandeliers and ceiling lights, this decoration will be interesting for you. Choose a copper or brass chandelier that is magnificent and suitable for any setting
Crystal chandeliers, charming and dreamy
Do you like classic style? Do you want to give your home a luxurious and glamorous atmosphere? So this beautiful and crystal chandelier will definitely be your ideal.
Just take a look at the beautiful harmony and contrast that this beautiful pendant light has created in the space…this black chandelier sits beautifully in your classic style.

Choose large pendants

Crystal chandeliers are great for adding impact and glamour, but they are not suitable for all styles. Another way is to choose a large pendant, and with this beautiful lamp, separate your dining table area from the rest of the space. In this lovely design, the combination of the oak wooden table and patterned wallpaper are well combined with the chandelier and have created a stylish harmony.

Have beautiful lighting with adjustable lights!

Do you have a small and limited space and no place for large chandeliers and pendant lights? Today, there are different models of chandeliers in the market that you can choose one of them according to your needs and interests. One of these models is height-adjustable chandeliers that can be shortened by using a height wire. or raised, you can light the dining table with these chandeliers according to your needs.

Bring pattern and color to the dining table

The dining area is considered a small meeting hall, it is a great place for family conversations, so what’s wrong if we add a little role and design to this area? Choose a beautiful color and combine the patterns and patterns that you like based on that, use colors of the same family!

Point light? What a good idea!

Maybe many people like the chandelier as the central light source of the dining table, but the chandelier is not the first and last way! Halogen lights are also a strong light source, and using several of them and creating a linear lighting on the ceiling can also give a modern and beautiful lighting to the dining room decoration.