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Brass down light can bring beauty and originality to your home. These types of frames are often made of bronze-colored metal and include various designs and patterns. Below we examine the positive effects that bronze halogen frames can create in your home:

 

Beautiful appearance: The Brass down light comes with various designs and patterns that can give your walls and pictures a beautiful and attractive appearance. Its bronze color gives authenticity to your home from historical and classical aspects.

 

Variety of Designs: Brass down light is available in a variety of designs and patterns. You can choose a simple and minimal frame or a more detailed frame based on your home decoration style. This variety allows you to find a frame that best matches the other elements of your home decor.

 

Authenticity and history: The Brass down light and metal material of the Brass down light give your home authenticity and history. These types of frames may refer to the past and different cultures because of their designs and styles.

 

Combining with other elements: the bronze color of the Brass down light can be in good harmony with other elements of your home decoration. You can combine it with wood, natural fabrics, stone and ceramics, as well as with other bronze decorative accessories.

 

Can be used in all kinds of spaces: The Brass down light can be used in all kinds of spaces. You can use it in the living room, bedroom, hall, library and even in work spaces such as office or workshop.

 

Therefore, by choosing a Brass down light , you can give your home a connected beauty. These frames are available in a variety of designs and patterns and can match the style of your home decoration. Also, their bronze color gives attractiveness and beauty to the walls and pictures that are placed inside them

Ensuring the authenticity of the Brass down light

To ensure the authenticity of the Brass down light , you can pay attention to the following:

Frame material: The Brass down light must be made of metal, usually made of alloys such as bronze or copper. Check that the frame is made of metal with a bronze finish for authenticity and durability.

 

Frame Weight: An original Brass down light must have a significant weight, as light and low-quality metals may be of less authentic materials. If the frame looks too light and flimsy, it may be of poor quality.

 

Details and bronze coating: The Brass down light should have precise details in its design and bronze coating. Check that the designs and motifs are executed accurately and with quality, and that the bronze finish is smooth and uniform.

 

Checking the brand and manufacturer: choosing a Brass down light from a reputable and famous brand can help ensure its authenticity. Check that the frame manufacturer is reputable and uses quality materials.

 

Read reviews and opinions: Reading other people’s opinions and reviews about the halogen bronze frame you want can help you to be sure of its authenticity. Use trusted sources such as websites or online stores with high ratings.

 

Considering these things, you can be sure of the authenticity of the Brass down light . If you’re buying from a reputable store, you’re usually more likely to get something authentic

The entrance of the building is the first thing we see when entering a house, the beautiful or ugly facade of a building can give us a general impression of the decoration design and even the people inside the house.

20 exterior models of modern residential buildings – zemgroup

There are many articles and photos about interior decoration design, but almost nothing about exterior decoration design! Do you have a special idea? Have you thought about the exterior style of your home? The beauty of the exterior of the house or apartment is as important as the interior decoration of the house, because a stylish and attractive exterior force us to see the inside of the house or even makes a house stay in our minds for a long time, so this is always Remember that exterior decoration has a direct effect on interior decoration. Observe the balance and symmetry in the exterior decoration design, pay attention to the building materials i.e. wood, plaster and metal… and seriously clarify what materials you are using for the exterior of the building, do you have a specific color in mind? Do you want large or small windows?

Take the lighting of the entrance of the building seriously to make your home stand out! Pay attention to the perspective of your house. Flowers and trees are a beautiful and natural element to beautify the entrance of the building. Do you use them? In this article, we have collected 20 exterior models of modern and advanced buildings, stay with us.

The dining table is considered a stylish and attractive element in the home decoration, which can completely affect the layout of the house! The dining room is also the place where family members gather, so the utmost care and elegance should be spent in decorating this part of the house!

The dining room is considered one of the most important parts of the house, because it is a place that gathers family members together at least once, and of course, most of the time it is more useful than a place to serve food, work and homework, play and prepare. Food preparation is done on this table, so how great would it be if we consider a beautiful and lovely arrangement for this space!

What dining table should we choose?

What style have you chosen for your decoration? Classic? Modern? The dining table should also match your style of decoration and arrangement.

When choosing a dining table, pay attention to the size of the table and the size of the place you want to place it, if you have a large space in mind for your dining table, you can use a relatively large table that does not take up the entire environment and a relatively empty space for Have transportation and decorative items. If you have a small space, a dining table for three or four people, with chairs and a round table whose sharp edges will not hit you when passing by, is very suitable.

A sunny dining room with bright colors

What a stylish and beautiful space! The large windows and the white color of the walls invite light into the room and make the space look better and bigger.

The crystal chandelier, but small, of this arrangement is very suitable for the short ceiling of this room, and it helps to make the ceiling taller, and make the room look luxurious, and the reflection of its light on the crescent-shaped glass table creates a beautiful and stunning lighting in the environment. brought This beautiful dining table can accommodate twenty guests.

Does the dining room have to be formal?

Erase this stereotype from your mind! The dining room is not only limited to formal spaces, look at this beautiful room, the light blue color has created an intimate and pleasant atmosphere in the environment, the presence of a wall gallery in the space has made the dining room the center point of the house. Using different chairs and a striped carpet has helped to personalize the environment.

Do you like modern dining room?

Dining room with a small space is not a limitation! Because it can be a great opportunity to create warm and intimate moments. At first, the chairs and the hanging lamp of the dining table may make the space appear cold and industrial, but the carpet placed under the table and the wall gallery help to make the space more casual and warmer.

Is black color possible for the dining area?

Maybe when we talk about the modern and new dining room, only white and a little color comes to your mind! But if you look at this charming decoration, your opinion will change one hundred percent. A stylish dining room with a black background! Wooden chairs with shiny metal bases, white shelves with attractive decorative elements, and of course the use of small pink flowers have been successful in injecting color into this stunning decoration. The use of glass chandeliers have also helped to make the space dreamy and bring more black color to the eye.

Walls are a great way to define boundaries

In this beautiful dining room, the wall is used to separate the dining room from the living room, the gray color of the wall, which is also decorated with a large painting, creates a private space for the dining table.

Chandeliers, a stylish accessory in decoration

The first thing that comes to mind in this beautiful decoration and arrangement is its attractive and stunning chandelier. The beautiful yellow chairs of this table add color to the arrangement of the house, the dark walls and windows add a glamorous and dreamy atmosphere to the decoration.

Combine different styles together!

Why use only one style? Look at the beautiful blue walls. These wooden chandeliers create a beautiful lighting in the environment. The combination of traditional and classic table with modern carpets gives a beautiful and attractive combination to the space.

Tropical dining room

The design of this dining room is based on tropical style. From the painting inside the shelves to the blue chairs, it is designed based on this style. Beautiful and attractive chandeliers also give a sweet atmosphere to the room.

Luxurious, eye-catching and attractive dining room

An eight-seater dining table that is very suitable for family feasts. Emerald green chairs look like jewels in the dining room. The linear lights of the dining table, which are simple and bright pendants, illuminate the space. The classic style used in this room creates a beautiful frame for the luxury dining table space.

 

The classic style is very popular in interior design, and of course, using this style in interior decoration requires spending a lot of money. This style may seem boring to many, but in this article, we will prove to you that it is not so!

Choosing the right decoration for your home depends entirely on your taste! There are different styles in interior decoration design, one of these beautiful and stylish styles is the classic style, which has many fans since long ago.

In the opinion of many people, the classic style shows the environment as dull and boring. To avoid this, today designers combine this beautiful style with other styles such as coastal, gypsy or even modern, and we also intend to in this article. Let us introduce you to 6 classic reception decoration ideas and combine them with other styles and give you a new look about this style!

Decoration with neutral colors!

A reception room with neutral but eye-catching colors! Yes, it is true that we talked about the neutral color, but this does not mean that the classic decoration of the living room has become boring, just take a closer look at the living room, the hero and beautiful piece of this room is its comfortable and stylish sofa, with cushions. The ones with warm colors. Adding a large and luxurious coffee table has also given a casual atmosphere to the environment.

Bluer than blue, the best color in the world

When you get home after several hours of daily work and you are just tired, this blue beach furniture can take away your tiredness!

Yes, in this lovely living room, beach style and classic are combined to create a relaxing environment for you. A simple coastal design couldn’t be better matched with white walls.

This is a relaxing but colorful living room. The white walls of the living room make the space look larger, and with a little attention, you can see that the blue beach furniture used in the decoration has space for storage.

Look at the used shelves, how beautifully they have showcased the old elements and dishes and succeeded in creating a wall gallery that would have been a focal point in the living room? The standing lamp next to the sofa is also effective in creating this focal point.

Suitable substitute for neutral colors!

If you are a fan of neutral, white and gray colors in your home decoration, but you are afraid of using strong colors and at the same time you want to add color to your decoration, blue is the best choice!

This charming blue used in this stylish decoration gives a calm mood to the environment, and of course, the use of orange color in the sofa cushions adds beauty and a little liveliness to the decoration.

The combination of bohemian and classic! What will be the result?

What a lovely room! Purple and olive green, two colors that can be used separately in decoration. Now look at how these two strong colors are placed next to each other; it is not easy to achieve the unique look that we have from this beautiful living room.

Pay attention to the combination of the wooden table of this natural element with this color combination, wood is considered one of the important decorative elements in classic decoration and can make the environment look luxurious and luxurious!

Take a closer look at the decorative accessories of this decoration, look around the mirror frame and the standing lampshade… what a pleasant atmosphere the combination of brass metal has created in the environment.

Be careful in choosing the color combination!

A living room with a wooden coffee table, a pale purple sofa and flowery walls, and all of this together with cold and neutral colors! It seems impossible, so look at this living room.

All these factors together have created a combination of luxurious and extraordinary textures in the environment. Start with the walls, make them gray, get a purple sofa, a pale purple that is close to the gray of the room, add a woolen blanket, get animal shaped cushions, what do you think about a matching rug and sofa set? What is? Look at the floral wall reflected in the mirror! All these factors have been gathered beautifully and created a classic decoration with neutral colors.

What do you think about the color of the year?

What a warm and lovely space, coral is a color between cool and warm and it is very easy to use it for the decoration that you want to add some color and beauty.

There is a comfortable sofa in the decoration of this room, its whiteness has been able to balance the coral color of the classic decoration.

Designing the interior decoration of small houses may seem difficult and sometimes impossible in the opinion of many people, but even in small houses it is possible to have a stylish and beautiful decoration.

Today, in big cities, with the increase in population and rising housing prices, the demand for houses and apartments with small size and area has increased! And many people live in apartments with small spaces and areas, many may think that it is not possible to arrange a beautiful and wonderful decoration in small spaces, but in this article, we will prove to you the design of beautiful interior decoration in small spaces as well. It is possible.

With these golden tricks, you can decorate your living room beautifully and create more space by doing some simple ideas in your home.

Take the power of colors seriously!

Colors have extraordinary power and can make a decoration look big or small, dark colors absorb lighter and make the space look smaller than usual, but light colors make the room look bigger. They show bigger and brighter. This living room is a perfect example to prove this theory, the use of white color in the background of this living room, and the use of pink color in the decorative elements both make the space look larger and do not allow the white color to Make the space look dull and monotonous.

Bring accessories and colors home

Many may think that elements, accessories and colors have no place in limited spaces and cannot be used! No, you don’t have to have a large living room to place stylish decor elements, even in small spaces, you can place beautiful decor elements by placing some shelves in the living room.

You can even wallpaper or paint a part of the living room, and decorate it with a few paintings, wall lamps or tabletop, vases and turn this part of the living room into the focal point of your home.

Make lighting a priority!

Create different layers for the lighting of the living room, use a simple and quiet chandelier that is suitable for small spaces as the central light source. Halogen lamps with their point light come to the aid of chandeliers in these situations and create a stylish and attractive lighting. You can also use a few small table lamps or standing lampshades and create a soft light in the space.

Use only one style.

The design in this room is done in a modern style, from the black and white furniture to the large windows all work hand in hand to help make the space appear larger! Try to use one style in the interior decoration of your home to help make the space look bigger and neat by keeping the decoration style in order.

 

 

Large mirrors, a quick and easy way

Mirrors are a great and easy way to make a space look bigger, use several large mirrors in your living room to add depth to the space and trick your guests’ eyes!

Today, electricity is one of the basic needs of our life. To use the power sources, we need to install the switches and sockets correctly. Installing the switch and socket seems like a simple task, but it should be done according to specific standards and by the best engineers in this field.

Outlet height standards from the floor

The Iran Standards Organization has determined the height of the outlet from the floor in different places of the building as follows:

• Bedrooms and living rooms:  30 to 40 cm
• Kitchen:  60 cm
• Bathroom and toilet:  90 cm
• Balcony and terrace:  120 cm

Practical tips for installing switches and sockets

• Switches and sockets are one of the most important elements in any building. They are needed for lighting, connecting electrical appliances and other applications. Installing the switch and socket seems like a simple task, but it should be done according to certain standards.
• Here are some practical tips for installing switches and sockets in buildings:
• Before starting work, check the building’s electrical plan. This will help you find the exact location of the electrical wires and avoid damaging them.
• Use standard and high-quality wires. Poor quality cords can pose a risk of electric shock.
• Use the right tools. To install the switch and socket, you need tools such as a screwdriver, a drill, and a wire cutter.
• Install switches and sockets correctly. Improper installation of switches and sockets can cause problems such as power outages.

Safety tips for installing switches and sockets

Be sure to turn off the power to the building before starting work. This will help you avoid the risk of electric shock.

Use insulated gloves when working with electrical wires. This will help prevent your skin from meeting electrical wires.

Use wire cutters to cut the wires. A wire cutter is a good tool for this and prevents the wires from being cut with a knife or scissors.

After installing the switch and socket, be sure to connect the electricity to the building and check their operation.

 

Aesthetic tips in installing switches and sockets

In addition to the safety aspect, the installation of switches and sockets can also contribute to the beauty of the interior decoration. For this, you can use keys and sockets with a color and design in harmony with other decoration elements. Also, you can use backlit switches and sockets so that they are easily visible in the dark.

Here are some tips for installing switches and sockets with aesthetics in mind:

• • Use switches and sockets with a color and design in harmony with other decoration elements.  This will make the keys and sockets invisible and help the beauty of the interior decoration.
  • Use backlit switches and sockets.  This makes it easy to find the switches and sockets even in the dark.
  • Use keys and sockets with creative designs.  This work can help the beauty of the interior decoration.

By observing the safety and aesthetics points, you can install the switches and sockets of your building correctly and beautifully.

Installation and distances between switches and sockets in bedrooms and living rooms

To install switches and sockets in bedrooms and living rooms, you must observe the following points:

• Install switches and sockets in appropriate places. For example, the bedroom light switch should be installed next to the bed so that it is easy to access.
• Use standard and high-quality wires.  Poor quality cords can pose a risk of electric shock.
• Install switches and sockets correctly.  Improper installation of switches and sockets can cause problems such as power outages.

Distances between switches and sockets in bedrooms and living rooms

The Iran Standard Organization has determined the distances between the switch and socket in bedrooms and living rooms as follows:

• The distance between the light switch and the power outlet:  30 to 40 cm
• Distance between two light switches:  90 to 100 cm
• The distance between the light switch and the telephone or TV socket:  60 to 70 cm

Here are some examples of suitable distances between switches and sockets in bedrooms and living rooms:

• Beside the bed:  the light switch and the power outlet should be installed next to the bed. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.
• Next to the desk or TV table:  The light switch and the power outlet should be installed next to the desk or TV table. The distance between them should be 60 to 70 cm.
• Next to the entrance door:  The light switch should be installed next to the entrance door. The distance between it and the entrance should be 90 to 100 cm.

Installation and distances between switches and sockets in kitchens

• Distances between switches and sockets in kitchens

It has determined the distances between the switch and the outlet in the kitchens as follows:

• The distance between the light switch of the sink and the electrical outlet:  30 to 40 cm
• The distance between the light switch of the gas stove and the electrical outlet:  30 to 40 cm
• The distance between the refrigerator light switch and the electrical outlet:  30 to 40 cm
• The distance between the light switch of the cabinets and the electrical outlet:  30 to 40 cm

Here are some examples of proper distances between switches and sockets in the kitchen:

• Next to the sink:  The light switch of the sink and the power outlet should be installed next to the sink. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.
• Next to the gas stove:  The gas stove lighting switch and the electrical outlet should be installed next to the gas stove. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.
• Next to the refrigerator:  the light switch of the refrigerator and the power outlet should be installed next to the refrigerator. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.
• Next to the cabinets: the light switch of the cabinets and the electrical outlet should be installed next to the cabinets. The distance between them should be 30 to 40 cm.

 

Installation and distances between switches and sockets in bathrooms and toilets

It is not recommended to install an electrical outlet in the bathroom for safety reasons. But if you want, you can install the outlet at a distance of at least 30 cm from the faucet and the sink and by observing the standard for the height of the outlet from the floor. It is also important to install light switches in places that have easy and convenient access. It is recommended to install the light switches near the door and the places where you need light.

In addition to the mentioned items, it is better to use sockets for the bathroom that have the IP44 standard or higher. These sockets are resistant to splashing water and provide more safety in the humid environment of the bathroom.

CONCLUSION

Well, now that we are familiar with the electrical outlet installation standards, there is another important point that we should pay attention to. In some special cases, we may need a more accurate height. For example, if we want to install an outlet to use a specific device such as a refrigerator or a washing machine, we must calculate the height of the outlet more accurately so that the device can be easily connected to the electricity. Or, for example, if we want to install outlets near the beds, we must adjust the height of the outlet so that it is comfortable for people and they can access it from the bed.

In any case, it is always better to consult with an expert electrical technician to determine the exact height of the sockets based on the specific needs of the installation location and ensure compliance with safety standards.

You must know that sockets should be installed at a height that is out of the reach of children. For this, you can use special socket protectors. Socket protectors are usually made of compressed plastic and are attached to the socket with a screw. These protectors prevent children’s hands from entering the outlet and ensure children’s safety against electricity.

As we read in the article about everything about light, the nature of ordinary light and laser light is the same, and both consist of electromagnetic waves that contain photon packets of different wavelengths, which causes the difference in the radiation of the two.

Lamp Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

 

What does the word LASER mean?

In order to understand the use of laser and how it S produced, we must first know its meaning: LASER is the abbreviation of the following words:

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

We will discuss it more!

How does the laser work?

A laser is a device that emits light as a narrow beam with a specific wavelength. By irradiating a photon to a particle, another photon releases, and these two photons are of the same frequency.

Imagine hitting the surface of the water with the same waves, the more and faster the number of waves, the stronger the wave will produced. As a result, the laser light starts from a weak beam, and this beam strengthened by the back and forth of the photons.

What is inductive emission?

Consider a red light bulb. What kind of photons does this lamp emit? Photons with the wavelength of red light, in which direction is this radiation emitted. In all directions.

 

Now, if we make all these monochromatic photons to emit in exactly the same direction, we have made a red laser. Laser emits lights with the same wavelength; it phase and in a specific direction. We do this in the induction laser. Albert Einstein first proposed induced emission in 1917.

If we have an electron with a low energy level, it can go to higher energy levels by absorbing energy and become so-called excited. If a photon hits the atom, the electron can take the photon’s energy and go to a higher energy level. We call this phenomenon-stimulated absorption.

Now, if the atom receives another photon in the excited state, the probability that the electron will go to a higher energy level is low, and the atom will release the new photon and the previous photon it took together and return to the energy base state. That is, it releases two photons with equal energy. This process called inductive emission. Because an external agent and a photon stimulated the atom was emitted. In induced emission, an incoming photon stimulates the excited electron to change its energy level and go to a lower level.

 

Spontaneous release

If the atom returns from the excited state to the ground state, it releases a photon in an unknown direction. This state called spontaneous emission, because the external agent did not force the atom to emit, and the electron naturally prefers to go to a lower energy state.

How many parts does the laser consist of?

A normal laser consists of two main parts:

1. Blower: It creates the necessary energy to create photons in the laser.
2. Amplifying medium: It is an important part of laser, which is a light source, in this part, photons are excited and it can be gas, liquid or solid and it determines the wavelength of laser radiation.

What is the application of laser in different industries?

Medical application

 

Lasers use for many medical purposes, and because the beam is so small and precise, it allows doctors to safely treat the target tissue without harming the surrounding areas.

Treatment of varicose veins , improvement of vision during corneal and LASIK surgery and eye LASIK operation , repair of detached retina , removal of prostate , kidney stones , tumor removal and skin surgery are among the cases used in medicine.

Treatment of skin spots, types of rejuvenation and removal of unwanted hair are other uses.

Dental application

 

10 applications of laser in dentistry are:

• Facilitating orthodontic movements
• Frenectomy: to close the spaces between the frenum of the tooth for orderly laminate and composite
• Teeth bleaching
• Improving gum color (removing black gums)
• Improvement of gum hyperplasia with gum lift or gingivectomy: The act of removing excess gum tissue called gingivectomy, gum lift or crown lengthening in dental terms.
• The term gummy smile with laser
• Reducing the recovery period after implant surgery
• Eliminating gum soft tissue lesions
• Reduce or eliminate bacterial accumulations
• They exposed or revealed hidden and semi-hidden teeth

Application in industry

Laser cutting: from cutting light materials such as fabric to hard metals and precious stones such as diamonds, you can cut with a laser.

Laser engraving: The laser beam physically removes the surface of the material and creates a cavity in a process. The laser generates a lot of heat during engraving, which vaporizes the material. Laser engraving is very fast because the material vaporizes with each stroke.

Laser drilling: drilling or laser drilling is creating a depression or hole on a material. In this method, the desired material is steamed and melted layer by layer until the drilling hole created. This process will vary depending on the thickness of the material, the number of holes to make and the size of these holes. The whole process of laser drilling achieved without any direct contact with the surface of the material.

Application in military weapons

 

 

Laser range finder: Laser range finder based on the same principles that used in normal radars. A short laser pulse (typically 10 to 20 nanoseconds in duration) aimed at the target and a suitable optical receiver that includes an optical detector records the backscattered pulse.

Marking: Illuminates the target. Due to the intense brightness of the light, the target will appear as a bright spot when viewed through a narrow strip optical filter. The weapon, which may be a bomb, missile or other explosive weapon, is equipped with a suitable sensing system. In its simplest form, this sensor can be a lens that transmits the image of the target to a quarter-circle optical detector that controls the weapon’s motion control system and can therefore direct it to the target. In this way, it is possible to target with great accuracy.

Energy Directed Weapons: Considerable effort is now being devoted in both the United States and Russia to the development of lasers that can be used as energy directed weapons. In the case of strong laser systems with a power of probably around megawatts (at least for a few tens of seconds), an optical system directs the laser beam to the target (aircraft-satellite or missile) to cause irreparable damage to its sensing devices. On the other hand, to cause such damage to its surface that eventually flying objects will damaged. Ground-based laser systems do not seem very practical now due to the well-known effect of thermal bloom that occurs in the atmosphere.

Application of laser in space achievements

 

Since years ago, NASA scientists tried to use lasers on the moon in order to obtain changes in the atmosphere and on the moon using lasers.

Finally, in 2020, with their French colleagues, they managed to receive the first reflection. They did this using a laser the size of a storybook page, which is 350.000 km from the Earth. They used the mission. This rover has been in operation since 2009. One of the reasons scientists used this rover was that it could be kept on the surface of the moon for 50 years as a new target.

Another fact that revealed during this period was that the distance between the moon and the earth increased by 3.8 cm. The reason for this is the attractive interactions of these two. ُ

There are 5 reflective panels on the lunar surface that placed on the lunar surface by Apollo 11 and 14. Each of them consists of 100 mirrors. The advantage of using these panels is that they can return the light from any angle to the same direction. The laser light that is emitted takes about 2.5 seconds to return to the ground. The new system not only offers higher data transfer rates, but also optimizes the size, weight and power of missions, Trudy Cortes, director of NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate, said in a teleconference. Compared to current technologies, this technology will be smaller, smaller, lighter, and less energy consuming.

The largest laser in the world

 

The largest laser in the world, which called Hercules at the University of Michigan, currently emits a beam with a power of 300 terawatts, but by replacing certain old components, its power can increased to 1000 terawatts. With this power, the laser can make progress in astrophysics research. And make medical X-rays more accurate, faster and cheaper.

The Hercules laser, which started its operation in 2007, has the Guinness record for high-intensity focused laser by creating a focused laser beam with an intensity of 20 sextillion watts (10 to the power of 21) per square centimeter.

The world’s largest handheld laser

 

“Krypton” laser considered one of the most powerful hand-held lasers, which has a range of 136 km. It is powerful enough to set a piece of paper on fire from one side of the room to the other side of the room, or other objects. Which are located outside the earth’s atmosphere.

Looking directly at this laser, which introduced in the Guinness Book of Records as the brightest handheld laser in the world, can be very dangerous because the shine of this laser beam has the effect of a sun eight thousand times brighter than the normal sun on the human eye. . Therefore, safety glasses used when using this laser.

The smallest laser in the world

 

The smallest laser in the world is made of a sphere with a diameter of 44 nm. Lasers can used as a light source in imaging with near-field light microscopes to reveal details beyond the power of standard light microscopes. This device can work ten times faster than microelectronic chips. Solid materials such as ruby, etherium, neodymium, garnet and aluminum use for its mechanism.
American physicist and electrical engineer who succeeded in making the first solid state laser in 1960 at the Hughes Company in Los Angeles.

 

 

Types of solid lasers:

YAG laser

Currently, the most practical solid-state laser used for processing and machining materials is 1% ion. In medicine, it used to treat eye diseases or eye surgeries.

Laser (ER)

 

ER lasers are important because they have two specific wavelengths, but they are not as remarkable in terms of output energy as YAG. They use to treat skin problems and deep spots, which are usually painful and use with local anesthesia.

Gas laser

It consists of a mixture of helium and neon or argon, krypton, xenon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. It is a type of laser which electric current is discharged to produce light in a gaseous medium.

 

Ali Javan

 

The inventor of the gas laser is a person named Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist who the first person made this type of laser with the help of neon and helium gas. This device registered in 1961.

Neutral atomic lasers

The most common lasers are gas and the gas used in them is helium and neon. This type of laser used in physics labs and other research cases and has a very reasonable price.

Ion laser

The function of ion lasers is that in ion lasers, the ionized atomic energy levels expand and ionize the neutral atom with the first collision.

Molecular laser

The performance of molecular lasers is also such that the transition between molecular energy levels used as the driving force of the laser.

Excimer laser

Excimer lasers, meaning excited dimer, actually use diatomic molecules that are stable in the excited state and unstable in the ground state.

Co2 laser

Carbon dioxide gas laser also used in industries for cutting and welding.

 

Color lasers are a type of lasers that use *organic materials* in its structure as the active laser medium, which is usually in liquid form. This color is made of a carbon-based material that is often fluorescent, after that with the compatible solvent combined and allows the molecules to spread evenly throughout the environment. The dye solution is circulating at a high speed, which prevents the degradation of the dye or its absorption.

What is organic matter?

Organic matter is a substance of organic compounds that formed from the remains of dead organisms from the category of plants and animals and waste materials and their discards in the environment. Organic matter or organic matter refers to a large group of carbon-based compounds that exist in different environments such as water and soil environments or that made in laboratories with the help of synthesis methods. In another definition, organic matter refers to materials obtained from living organisms such as plants and animals and their remains. In addition, organic matter is not limited to living organisms, but organic molecules can produced by chemical reactions in which there are no remains of living organisms. Cellulose, protein, lignin, lipid and carbohydrate can mentioned among the important organic substances. Organic matter plays a very important role in the food cycle of the environment and the remaining water on the surface of plants.

This type of laser mostly used in the field of medicine to improve skin spots, or even out the skin, and to remove unwanted hair. They also used to treat port wine stains and other blood vessel disorders, scars and kidney stones. They can be compatible with various inks for tattoo removal as well as a number of other applications.

They are the makers of the first liquid or color laser that independently discovered this type of laser in 1996.

Semiconductor diode lasers are the best-selling type of laser in the world, and this type of laser as first made in 1962. The purpose of making these types of lasers is to use them in the telecommunications industry, but data storage, CD reading, and use in industrial machines have peaked in recent years.

Their use in medicine is also significant. Today, doctors use this type of laser to analyze blood factors, for example, to measure blood glucose levels without injection.

Robert Noel and General Electric

 

Two groups, one led by Robert and the other for General Electric, started researching the construction of a diode laser, which they finally succeeded in building in 1962. General Electric registered its data earlier and was able to register this invention under its own name.

What are the characteristics of laser beam?

Monotony

Natural light consists of a series of wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to infrared. Instead, a laser is a single wavelength band of light. This feature called monochrome. Monochrome has the advantage of allowing more flexibility in optical design.

HIGH ORIENTATION

Directivity is the property of maintaining the direction of light when moving in space; high directivity indicates that the direction maintained with high accuracy and low expansion. Natural light is a series of bands of light that spread out in all directions, while laser light is directional, making it easy to design optical systems that prevent light from spreading.

HIGH COHERENCE

Coherence explains how much light interferes with itself, and considering light as a wave, it can said that the more uniform the light beam, the greater its coherence. Because the phase, wavelength and direction of the light of this device do not change, a strong wave can maintained to transmit the rays of this device over a long distance without emission. This means that light can focused into a small area with the lens.

HIGH DENSITY

Because lasers have excellent monochromatic, directivity, and coherence, they can focused into a very small area, resulting in high-density light. By focusing the light of this tool in a very small area, you can increase its intensity (power density) even to obtain enough energy to cut metal. Due to these characteristics, the light of this tool used in many fields of modern machining of materials. The intensity maintained for a long time thanks to the coherence and can directed even more with the help of lenses.

The laser beam engraves the surface of the material, is absorbed and heats the material. This heat generation causes the complete removal or vaporization of the material. It engraves marks or cuts a wide range of materials.

At first, we will get to know the nature of different types of lenses in order to reach their usages.

According to the article about everything about light, the refraction part of the use of lenses is based on this part of the use of light.

What is a lens?

A lens is an optical device through which light passes, and emits it in a divergent (diffusing) or converging (concentrating) form.

Lenses are made of transparent materials such as plastic or glass; they use in camera lenses, making prescription glasses and magnifying glasses.

When the first lens made?

The first lens made back to the time of the Assyrians. The possibility that archaeologists have given about the type of use of lenses is that they use to focus sunlight to light a fire or to magnify. Some other researchers argue that lenses were widely used in the Old Testament. For example, artisans used them to do fine work or to prove the effect of a seal.

Who was the first person to use a lens?

 

The first person who used lenses was Ibn Haytham, the father of light physics. After that, Galileo and Abu RihanBiruni used it.

Ibn Haytham invented the first magnifying glass. He is the one who, by studying research and inventing the magnifying glass, led to the invention of the first glasses by Roger Bacon.

Galileo is also the inventor of the first telescope, who thought of making a telescope after he visited Venice and met a person named Hans Lipperhey, who happened to be an eyeglass maker. He invented the telescope after placing a concave and convex lens at the end of a metal tube and looking at the celestial objects.

Abu Rihan Biruni use different types of lenses in the rules of leveling the globe, drawing geographical maps, identifying how the earth’s layers formed, and observing eclipses.

In which countries are the world’s largest and smallest lenses and what are their usage?

The world’s largest lens keep at Mount Graham International Observatory, in the Biennale mountain range in the state of Arizona, USA, and used in the LBT telescope. This type of lens make in 2007 by the cooperation of the three countries of America, Italy and Germany. The compound diameter of this lens is 11.8 meters.

Also, the smallest lenses can be use in optical microscopes that can show you the image up to 100 times larger.

What are the types of lenses?

Converging lens

 

In a converging lens, after breaking and passing through the lens, the light rays collide and converge at one what is the structure of a converging lens?

The structure of converging lenses is such that the edges are thinner than the middle, and they are usually made for different applications in the form of double convex, flat convex and converging crescent.

In what fields are converging lenses used?

This type of lens use in microscopes, telescopes and glasses for people with cameras or astigmatism. This type of lens makes objects appear larger.

Diverging lens

 

In diverging lenses, light rays are spread and diverged after refraction and passing through the lens.

What is the shape of a diverging lens?

The edge of these lenses is wider than the middle, and they made in the form of double-cave, flat-cave and diverging crescent.

In what fields a divergent lens used?

This lens can use in glasses for myopic-astigmatism people. This type of lens makes objects appear smaller.

Compound lenses

The lenses that formed by the combination of these two types of lenses are called compound lenses. Together, we will examine the types of these types of lenses:

  PLANOCONVEX It is a lens whose one side raised or so-called convex and the other side is flat.

 

It used in telescopes. If you view something from the flat side, the objects will be slightly wide.

BICONVEX This type of lens, which is convex on both sides, used in magnifiers, microscopes and telescopes. The image is the same on both sides unless one side has more or less protrusion than the other.

 

CRESENT LENS

It is a lens that one side is convex and the other side is concave. It used in making glasses and the image is wide.

 

PLANOCONCAVE

One side should be concave and the other side should be flat. These lenses use in some very narrow glasses and the image is wide on the flat side and small on the sunken side.

 

BICONCAVE

Both sides should be recessed. The image is the same on both sides unless one side is more recessed or raised than the other.

 

(CONCAVE) Concave crescent lens

It is a type of lens with one side-raised concave and the other side-recessed convex. It uses in glasses and the image is slanted from each side.

 

Which country is the largest lens manufacturer?

Today, the largest lens production company is Zeiss, located in Germany. This company produces the best type of lenses, which used in the manufacture of prescription glasses.

Currently, most of the lenses are made of developing Asian countries, but these products use for other countries and different brands of the world under their supervision.

This is because it is cheap and economical in Asian countries. Most lens manufacturing companies are located in Dubai.

What is the biggest lens manufacturer in Iran?

In Iran, the Company, which is the same as SAIRAN Electro-Optic Industries, produces a wide range of medical and non-medical lenses and glasses.

What do you know about the James Webb telescope?

The James Webb Space Telescope is the largest telescope ever built and this telescope led to the discovery of space objects that could not see with its predecessor, the Hubble Telescope. The purpose of building this type of telescope is to explore the moments of the Big Bang or the Dark Age, and it is able to observe between 100 to 250 million years after the Big Bang.

This telescope consists of 18 compound lenses and mirrors, the diameter of each mirror reaches 6.5 meters, and the total size of the telescope is equivalent to half of a Boeing 737.

 

In the following, we will review different models of modern switches and sockets through stylish and unique designs that are available in the market. Models that will give more importance to the interior decoration details of the house through different design and creative ideas. For example, some models of modern switches and sockets have LED lighting, which not only helps the practical use of these components, but also emphasizes the details and beauty of interior decoration. These models are among the latest modern technologies and with the help of special and unique designs, they add beauty and charm to your decoration.

In addition, new halogen frames have been released to the market, which can adjust the light and have a direct effect on creating a favorable atmosphere in the interior decoration. By using these frames in different parts of the house, you can create different spaces by changing the color of the light and adjusting its intensity and decorate them with your desired mood and advantage. In this way, you can also combine all the interior components of your home with other aspects of interior decoration, such as choosing the color of the walls and furniture and the type and design of these products, and create a harmony between these components that creates a creative visual experience and offer you something different.

The details of the interior design of the house are of potential importance, and the selection of models and components with care and scrutiny is considered as one of the key factors in influencing the beauty and making the interior decoration more stylish. By choosing the latest models of modern switches and sockets and using suitable halogen frames, you can upgrade the interior design of your home to a higher level and create a unique and attractive space.

The location of the switch and socket in the interior decoration

Choosing the right switch and socket for home interior decoration is one of the most important and fundamental decisions that people face when building or renovating their home. These small and simple pieces can have a significant effect on the beauty and efficiency of the interior. To determine the position of the switch and socket in the house, several key points should be considered, for example, paying attention to the general style of decoration makes this choice more accurate, as well as checking the safety, user needs and quality and durability of the switch and sockets, the role of these electronic necessities. They make it bolder.

Knowing the types of switches and sockets and the complementary role of the halogen frame

Undoubtedly, home lighting is one of the most important needs of people. Connecting and distributing electricity requires special equipment such as switches and sockets. Based on this, types of switches and sockets such as metal switches and sockets, modern switches and sockets, classic switches and sockets, and toggle switches and sockets are important and necessary elements in performing electrical work.

In the past, switches and sockets were used only as equipment for connecting and disconnecting electricity. But today, due to the importance of interior decoration, switches and sockets are completed with the basic installation of metal halogen frames and play an important role in the beauty and attractiveness of the interior.

In recent years, with the advancement of technology, smart switches and sockets have also been introduced to the market. These switches and sockets have different functions such as remote control, lighting adjustment, and motion sensors. Smart switches and sockets can help increase the comfort and security of your home.

The best choice in switches and sockets for your living room and home

The living room is the most important part of the house where family members spend most of their time. The presence of electrical appliances, televisions and other electronic products in this area requires the use of many keys in different areas. The increasing use of computers and smart phones in today’s world has made the use of switches and sockets more important than ever.

Apart from the arrangement of furniture in the living room, you need at least one outlet or three outlets to connect chargers for laptops, tablets and wireless mobile phones. If you have a light source other than a ceiling light or table lamp, you need an outlet. Most of the TVs are placed in the interior of the living room, so several switches and power sockets are needed for this purpose as well. Depending on the device you use while watching TV, you can use a power plug and multiple protective power plugs.

If you want to have the best selection of switches and sockets for the reception or living room, it is suggested to use modern, classic models that match the color of the wall and other impressive elements. Also, it is better to place them near the TV bench so that the cables and wires connected to the TV do not create a dense and messy space. By doing this, you will maintain order and beauty in your living room.

How to arrange switches and sockets according to the kitchen space

The kitchen is one of the most practical places where you use electrical appliances more than any other part, so you should place the sockets in the best way in this place. Since the kitchen requires order and cleanliness, it is better to avoid cumbersome methods for proper arrangement and maintaining the beauty and decor of the kitchen and instead, increase the number of sockets and choose a suitable place to place them.

In addition to the main switch and socket for connecting fixed devices such as refrigerator, washing machine and electric kettle, you should also consider additional switches and sockets for using devices such as food processor and blender. To choose a suitable and stylish switch and socket in the kitchen, we recommend using colors that are in harmony with the color of the cabinet. In addition, accessible electronic switches should be in places where it is possible to access them, it is better not to install them near the faucet as much as possible.

To increase the brightness and charming appearance of the kitchen, the use of halogen frames will have a great effect. This type of lighting can give a special effect to the design and decoration of your kitchen and improve its atmosphere.

Key points in determining the role and arrangement of switches and sockets to make the decoration perfect

Considering that switches and sockets are one of the main parts in interior design and decoration, ensuring the complete integration of selected switches with other interior parts can be one of the best and cheapest ways to create space and complete your interior. This design can only be achieved by changing the main frames.

Therefore, when choosing and buying a socket, you should pay attention to the fact that the chosen socket is compatible with other household appliances and the place you want. Another key point in choosing the right switch and socket for your interior is to consider the principle of ambient or home light. This involves sticking to a specific color scheme and better choosing based on your theme. According to the ambient light, you can decorate it according to your taste.

If the walls are not completely white and the other metals used in the environment are also dark, using flat and white switches and sockets will not be a good choice for your decoration. Because this style of switches and sockets shows the lack of coordination in your decoration during installation. If the above article was effective for you, we suggest you also read the articles ” golden tricks to make your home more beautiful” and ” Guide to buying modern switches and sockets “.

The use of laser light in the space industry is one of the most important and advanced technologies used in various fields. Below are some of the applications of laser light in the space industry:
Space communications: Lasers are used as high-speed light sources in space communications. Through laser waves, data can be transmitted at high speed and with high quality between spacecraft, satellites and space systems.
Accurate measurement and measurement: Lasers are used in the space industry for accurate measurement and measurement. By using laser technology, it is possible to measure the distance to spatial objects and structures with high accuracy and at large distances.
Spatial mapping: lasers are used in the process of mapping and making detailed maps of the surface of the moon and planets. By using laser systems, it is possible to register and map precise three-dimensional structures of the space environment.
Power transmission: Lasers are used as an advanced method for wireless power transmission in space. This technology allows spacecraft and space systems to receive power wirelessly from ground power sources or from other spacecraft and satellites.

History of the use of lasers for detection

Sending light to the moon, as one of the scientific and technological achievements in the field of space exploration, began in the 1960s. In this decade, the American space program named “Apollo” began to send humans to the moon. During this program, between 1969 and 1972, 6 Apollo space missions were carried out, which eventually led to the landing of astronauts on the surface of the Moon.
In these missions, light was sent to the moon by means of photographic flashes and photometry equipment. These lights were used to create sufficient lighting in dark areas and to review and record images and videos. Also, light was used as a measuring tool in some scientific experiments.
In addition to the American program, other space programs were started by other countries in the following decades. For example, in 1970, the Russians started the Luna program, which aimed to send research vehicles to the moon.
Since then, space programs and exploration of the moon have continued by various countries and space organizations. Today, as technology advances and communication and imaging methods evolve, sending light to the moon is used for scientific study, commercial uses, and even space tourism experiences.
Dozens of times in the past decade, NASA scientists have fired laser beams at a reflector 385,000 kilometers from Earth. Together with their French colleagues, they announced today that they have detected a signal for the first time, an encouraging result that could boost laser experiments used to study the physics of the universe.
Since Apollo, scientists have used lunar reflectors to learn more about our nearest neighbor. This is a simple experiment: aim a beam of light at the reflector and calculate how long it takes for the light to return. Decades of doing this measurement have led to great discoveries.
Apollo 11 and 14 were delivered in 1969 and 1971 respectively. Each is made of 100 mirrors, which scientists call corner cubes, because they are like the corners of a glass cube.
The advantage of these mirrors is that they can reflect light in any direction it comes from. Another panel with 300 cube corners was dropped by the Apollo 15 astronauts in 1971. The Soviet robotic Mars rovers, Lunokhod 1 and 2, which landed in 1970 and 1973, have two additional reflectors, each with 17 mirrors. Collectively, these reflectors constitute the last working science experiment of the Apollo era.

NASA

Laser communication relay display test

Or in short, the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration test of NASA’s technology
has been mounted on the American Space Force satellite, and it went into space at 5:19 on December 7 (13:49 Tehran time) from the Cape Canaveral space base. The launch was previously scheduled for a few days ago, but a leak in the kerosene fuel storage system on the launch pad delayed it by two days.
The mission is in orbit to conduct a two-year series of experiments to investigate how optical communication links can help download large amounts of information faster than traditional communication systems. The goal of the project is to demonstrate the capabilities of NASA’s first full two-way test of a communications system that can transmit data at rates between 10 and 100 times faster than current radio frequency base systems
, said Trudy Kortes, director of technology demonstrations
for the Technology Missions Office. Optical uploading to transmit data to us using lasers is really a great technology demonstration.

Structure of LCRD

It consists of two optical communication terminals and a switching unit that allows the device to receive the signal, transfer the data to the transmitter and then send the signal to the destination.
It works with infrared lasers that are invisible to the human eye. LCRD
wavelengths of lasers are 10,000 times shorter than radio waves and thus can travel in narrower beams. However, they are still limited by the laws of physics and move at the speed of light.
It transmits data between the mission’s ground stations. LCRD Initial Tests
Next year, NASA plans to send a laser communications terminal to the International Space Station on a commercial cargo spacecraft.
The mobile object allows to test an optical link with an LCRD to the ISS system in this payload
orbits the Earth at a speed of 8 km/s. The laser terminals in the current technology test download data at a rate of 1.2 gigabits per second, and the system can receive data at a similar rate from the space station.
To check more precisely what the structure of this spacecraft is, pay attention to the following article:
1. The communication payload of this section includes the laser communication terminal, which is responsible for establishing laser communication between the satellite and the ground stations.
2. The host satellite hosts the communications payload. The host satellite may be a commercial satellite provided by a space company for this purpose.
3. Chips and electronic equipment: used for the operation of the laser communication terminal and chips and electronic equipment needed for data processing and transmission. It includes laser communication chips, sensing and control equipment, electronic circuits and other related components.
4. Ground stations, a ready ground includes data receiving and sending stations and required control and processing systems. Ground stations establish laser communications and receive and send data using laser equipment connected to the laser communications terminal on the satellite.

LCRD mission objective

NASA’s LCRD plans to test a variety of uses during its initial two-year mission,
allowing NASA to learn how optical communications will perform in a larger network. Test data will include spacecraft health telemetry, tracking and command data, and sample user data, according to NASA.
Direct optical communication to Earth was previously tested in 2013 and 2014 by spacecraft orbiting the Moon. But the test time was limited because the laser payload was considered a secondary objective in the mission. NASA now has enough time to demonstrate the technology in action and can refine the current models by conducting a variety of experiments and collecting large amounts of data.
According to NASA, the test of laser communication opens the way for other organizations and companies.
Developed prior to the deployment of the Starlink network,
it is not compatible with LCRD terminals but the laser payload of SpaceX’s Internet fleet. The experiment is led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center with support from the Piranha Jet Experiment and MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory.

The proof of application of relay services is two-way optical communication between the geosynchronous circuit and the ground. The project supports advanced communications, navigation, and avionics key focus areas of exploration. This effort will prove optical communication technology in an operational environment, providing data rates up to 100 times faster than today’s radio frequency-based communication systems. The demonstration will measure and characterize system performance under various conditions, develop operating procedures, evaluate feasibility for future missions, and provide in-circuit capability to test and demonstrate standards for optical relay communications. This capability, if successfully demonstrated, could be quickly injected into NASA missions, other federal agencies, and US satellite manufacturers and operators as demand for bandwidth increases.

Laser specifications

The diameter of this laser is about three quarters of an inch and it sends optical signals to the moon at a speed of 1.2 gigabits per second. This amount can illuminate an area of ​​one kilometer on the moon. The weight of this laser is about one ton. These lasers are 44 times smaller than radio receivers.

Launch LCRD

It was originally supposed to launch in 2016 on a commercial communications spacecraft, but NASA switched the payload to a Space Force satellite. Delays in the construction of the spacecraft delayed the launch until mid-2021, and after a change in the Atlas 5 launch schedule, the mission was postponed to the end of the year. It was finally launched on December 7.